International University of Kyrgyzstan

Occlusive hydrocephalus in children remains a pressing problem in pediatric neurosurgery. Traditional treatment using cerebrospinal fluid shunting (CSF shunting) is associated with a high risk of complications and lifelong shunt dependence. In recent years, endoscopic third ventriculocisternostomy (ETV) has been considered a pathogenetically justified alternative to shunting interventions; however, data on its use in the Kyrgyz Republic were previously lacking. This study presents an analysis of the treatment outcomes of 26 children with occlusive hydrocephalus, aged 1 month to 17 years, treated from February 2020 to September 2022. Endoscopic ventriculocisternostomy was performed in 25 patients. Preoperative examination included magnetic resonance imaging of the brain using phase-contrast CSF flow sequences. The clinical follow-up period ranged from 4 to 31 months. The primary clinical effect after EVCS was achieved in 76% of patients, in 8% of cases a repeat procedure was required due to stoma closure. The overall effectiveness of the method was 84%. In 16% of cases, there was no positive effect, which required ventriculoperitoneal shunting. The lowest effectiveness of EVCS was noted in posthemorrhagic occlusive hydrocephalus. Postoperative intracranial hemorrhages, infectious complications and fatal outcomes were not registered. The obtained results indicate high clinical efficacy and safety of endoscopic ventriculocisternostomy of the third ventricle with proper patient selection and confirm the feasibility of its widespread implementation in the practice of treating occlusive hydrocephalus in children.

This article examines administrative and legal measures as a crucial element of the system for preventing terrorist threats. It analyzes state regulatory mechanisms aimed at preventing terrorism before the crime is committed, including monitoring migration processes, information space, financial flows, and organizational activities. Particular attention is paid to the role of administrative legislation in supporting the state's preventive function, interagency cooperation, and the development of a comprehensive security model. It demonstrates that administrative and legal instruments help minimize the risks of radicalization, the spread of extremist ideology, and the involvement of citizens in terrorist activities. It concludes that the development and improvement of administrative and legal measures contributes to the increased effectiveness of the national system for countering terrorist threats while simultaneously respecting human rights and freedoms.

BACKGROUNDBilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) remains a serious complication of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, especially in resource-limited settings. While total serum bilirubin (TSB) is widely used for risk stratification, the bilirubin/albumin (B/A) ratio has been proposed as a surrogate for free bilirubin, the neurotoxic fraction.AIMTo compare the diagnostic accuracy of the B/A ratio vs TSB for predicting acute BIND in neonates.METHODSWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies evaluating the B/A ratio and TSB for predicting BIND in neonates (≥ 35 weeks' gestational age). Data sources included PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central, and Google Scholar. Pooled standardized mean difference (SMD), sensitivity, specificity, and heterogeneity (I2) were calculated using a bivariate random-effects model. Meta-regression was used to assess whether biomarker type (B/A vs TSB) explained performance differences. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool.RESULTSFive studies involving a total of 1022 neonates were included, with a male-to-female ratio of approximately 57:40. The SMD for B/A ratio was 1.71 (95%CI: 1.00–2.41, P < 0.0001), and for TSB it was 1.68, both showing strong associations with BIND. Meta-regression revealed no significant difference in predictive value between the two biomarkers (P = 0.96).CONCLUSIONBoth TSB and the B/A ratio are comparably effective in predicting BIND. While the B/A ratio may provide incremental value in specific clinical contexts, current evidence supports continued reliance on TSB for routine risk stratification.

Today, the public sector is facing dynamic technological changes, with AI being among the most innovative areas. The popularization of relevant IT solutions and their widespread use in business have led to growing interest in this technology within public administration and local self-government. This trend is evident in many countries, and the introduction of AI-based solutions in local self-government bodies may have a stronger effect on achieving development principles. The study was conducted using a mixed design: a systematic literature review (2018-2025) and an expert assessment with ranking (n=43, inclusion ≥3 peer-reviewed publications). Experts were asked to rank the proposed directions. The ranks were converted into normalized weights using the rank sum method, and the consistency of assessments was verified with Kendall’s coefficient of concordance (W=0.64-0.67; p&lt;0.01). The most prioritized areas of AI application are the management of large data sets and resource allocation; the main barriers are high costs, a shortage of competences, and insufficient IT tools; the key threats are risks to personal data protection, violations of intellectual property rights, and cybersecurity issues. Practical recommendations are provided on the stages of implementation and risk minimization.

Modern challenges require the implementation of interactive pedagogical technologies capable of not only enhancing the acquisition of theoretical knowledge but also developing students' clinical reasoning and practical skills. The relevance of this study is determined by the need to improve the quality of medical education in the context of rapid digitalization and the transition to a competency-based model of specialist training. Analysis of test results from 258 students revealed a clear positive trend in knowledge acquisition: the proportion of students demonstrating a high level increased from 24% at the pretest stage to 37.6% after completing the program, while the number of students with satisfactory results decreased from 37.2% to 6.2%. The data obtained confirm the effectiveness of the implemented workshop as an active educational method, especially for students with a low initial level of preparation. The workshop contributed not only to improved cognitive performance but also to the development of clinical reasoning, underscoring the importance of using interactive pedagogical technologies in medical education. The study's findings demonstrate the potential of pedagogical innovations adapted to local conditions as a basis for the widespread adoption of digital and blended learning approaches to improve the quality of professional training for future physicians.

This article examines the pedagogical conditions and principles that facilitate the effective development of professional competencies in future teachers in the context of digitalization of education. It emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach, including organizational and methodological support, the use of digital educational technologies, practice-oriented learning, and interdisciplinary integration. Particular attention is paid to the experiences of Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, where educational reforms aimed at developing a competency-based approach are being actively implemented. For example, in the Kyrgyz Republic, school digitalization projects are being implemented as part of the "Sanarip Kyrgyzstan" program, which is helping teachers develop competencies in the use of EdTech and electronic educational resources. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, similar processes are underway as part of the "Digital Kazakhstan" state program and the implementation of updated educational standards that emphasize the development of critical thinking, digital literacy, and research skills. The analysis shows that successful competency development requires a combination of pedagogical conditions—practical training, mentoring, digital infrastructure—and principles based on humanization, individualization, and variability of learning.

ABSTRACTBackgroundObesity represents a major global health challenge, contributing substantially to cardiovascular disease and metabolic complications. Orforglipron, a novel oral non‐peptide GLP‐1 receptor agonist, has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for weight management and glycemic control. This meta‐analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of orforglipron in obese patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsA comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to October 2025 to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating orforglipron in obese patients. Mean differences (MDs) and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random‐effects models.ResultsFive RCTs comprising 4410 participants were included. Orforglipron demonstrated dose‐dependent reductions in body weight from 2.48% at 3 mg to 9.8% at 45 mg, BMI from 0.89 to 3.62 kg/m2, waist circumference from 1.57 to 6.9 cm, and HbA1c from 0.76% to 1.04% compared with placebo. Favourable lipid changes included reductions in total cholesterol (MD: −4.51% [95% CI: −6.91 to −2.11]), LDL‐C (MD: −5.34% [95% CI: −7.10 to −3.58]), and triglycerides (MD: −10.07% [95% CI: −12.33 to −7.80]), with increased HDL‐C (MD: 2.94% [95% CI: 1.38 to 4.49]). However, gastrointestinal adverse events were significantly more frequent at doses of 12 mg or higher and treatment discontinuation rates were highest at 24 mg (RR:4.61 [95% CI:1.6 to 13.33]) and 36 mg (RR:3.68 [95% CI:2.48 to 5.44]) doses. Serious adverse events and mortality rates were comparable to those with placebo.ConclusionOrforglipron significantly improved glycemic and lipid parameters in patients with obesity, demonstrating dose‐dependent efficacy with maximal benefits at higher doses. While gastrointestinal tolerability remains a clinically important limitation requiring mitigation strategies, orforglipron represents a promising oral therapeutic option for comprehensive obesity and metabolic management.

Background. Rehabilitation is a crucial component of comprehensive oncological care, aimed at restoring functional capacity, improving quality of life, and supporting social reintegration in lung cancer patients. Despite significant progress in cancer management, access to rehabilitation services remains uneven, particularly between urban and rural populations. Aim: to assess perceptions of patients with lung cancer regarding the quality, organization, and accessibility of rehabilitation services across different levels of healthcare in Kazakhstan. Materials and Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from November 4, 2024 to February 4, 2025 in the Abay region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study included 124 patients diagnosed with lung cancer who had received or were undergoing medical rehabilitation. Data were collected through structured interviews and questionnaires assessing socio-demographic characteristics, satisfaction with rehabilitation, and perceptions of service accessibility and quality. Results. The mean age of participants was 61.6 ± 9.5 years; 70.2% were of Kazakh nationality, and 66.9% resided in urban areas. Most respondents rated the organization of rehabilitation as satisfactory (41.1%) or good (29.0%), while 16.9% described it as excellent and 12.9% as unsatisfactory. Overall, 75.8% of patients reported being satisfied with rehabilitation services. Gender differences were not statistically significant (p&gt;0.05), whereas urban residents demonstrated higher satisfaction compared to rural respondents (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions. Gender did not significantly influence patients’ perceptions of rehabilitation quality or accessibility, while place of residence was identified as the main determinant. These results correspond with international data emphasizing spatial and systemic inequalities in rehabilitation access. Expanding patient-centered and digital rehabilitation programs, including tele-rehabilitation and regional service integration, may enhance equity, efficiency, and overall quality of oncological rehabilitation in Kazakhstan. Введение. Реабилитация является неотъемлемой частью комплексной онкологической помощи, направленной на восстановление функциональных возможностей, улучшение качества жизни и социальную реинтеграцию пациентов с раком лёгкого. Несмотря на достижения в лечении онкологических заболеваний, доступ к реабилитационным услугам остаётся неравномерным, особенно между городским и сельским населением. Цель: оценить восприятие пациентами рака легких качества, организации и доступности реабилитационных услуг на разных уровнях здравоохранения в Казахстане. Материалы и методы. Описательное поперечное исследование проведено в период с ноября 2024 года по февраль 2025 года в Абайской области Республики Казахстан. В исследование были включены 124 пациента с установленным диагнозом рак лёгкого, проходившие или завершившие курс медицинской реабилитации. Сбор данных осуществлялся методом стандартизированного опроса и анкетирования, включавшего оценку социо-демографических характеристик, удовлетворённости реабилитацией и восприятия качества и доступности услуг. Результаты. Средний возраст участников составил 61,6 ± 9,5 года; 70,2 % были казахской национальности, 66,9 % проживали в городах. Большинство респондентов оценили организацию реабилитации как удовлетворительную (41,1 %) или хорошую (29,0 %), 16,9 % - как отличную, а 12,9 % -как неудовлетворительную. В целом 75,8 % пациентов сообщили об удовлетворённости полученными реабилитационными услугами. Различия между мужчинами и женщинами были статистически незначимыми (p &gt; 0,05), тогда как городские жители чаще выражали удовлетворённость по сравнению с сельскими (p &lt;0,05). Выводы. Пол не оказывал значимого влияния на восприятие качества и доступности реабилитационных услуг, тогда как место проживания являлось ключевым фактором. Полученные результаты согласуются с международными данными, подчёркивающими пространственные и системные различия в доступе к реабилитации. Расширение пациент-ориентированных и цифровых форм реабилитации, включая телереабилитацию и интеграцию региональных служб, позволит повысить равенство, эффективность и качество онкологической реабилитации в Казахстане. Кіріспе. Оңалту - бұл функционалдығын қалпына келтіруге, өмір сүру сапасын жақсартуға, өкпенің қатерлі ісігі бар науқастардың өмір сүру сапасын жақсартуға және әлеуметтік реинтеграциясының ажырамас бөлігі болып табылады. Қатерлі ісікпен емдеудегі аванстарға қарамастан, оңалту қызметтеріне қол жетімділік біркелкі емес, әсіресе қалалық және ауылдық популяциялар арасында біркелкі емес қалып отыр. Зерттеу мақсаты: Өкпенің қатерлі ісігі кезінде пациенттердің сапасы, Қазақстандағы денсаулық сақтаудың әртүрлі деңгейлеріндегі оңалту қызметтерінің сапасы, ұйымдастырылуы және қол жетімділігі туралы бағалау. Материалдар мен тәсілдер. Сипаттамалық-секциялық зерттеу 2024 жылғы қарашадан 202 ақпанға дейін Қазақстан Республикасының Абай ауданында жүргізілді. Зерттеуге медициналық оңалту курсынан өткен немесе аяқтаған өкпе қатерлі ісігі диагнозы қойылған 124 пациент кірді. Деректер жинау әлеуметтік-демографиялық сипаттамаларды бағалау, оңалту және қызметтердің сапасы мен қол жетімділігі туралы қанағаттанушылықты бағалауды, әлеуметтік-демографиялық сипаттамаларды қамтитын стандартталған сауалнамалық және сауалнаманы пайдалану арқылы жүзеге асырылды. Нәтежиелер. Қатысушылардың орташа жасы 61,6 ± 9,5 жасты құрады; 70,2 пайызы қазақ ұлты болса, 66,9 пайызы қалаларда тұрды. Респонденттердің көпшілігі оңалту ұйымын қанағаттанарлық (41,1%) немесе жақсы (29,0%), 16,9% тамаша, 12,9% қанағаттанарлықсыз деп бағалады. Жалпы алғанда, пациенттердің 75,8%-ы алынған оңалту қызметтеріне қанағаттанатынын айтты. Ерлер мен әйелдер арасындағы айырмашылықтар статистикалық тұрғыда шамалы болды (p &gt; 0,05), ал қала тұрғындары ауыл тұрғындарымен салыстырғанда қанағаттанушылық білдіру ықтималдығы жоғары болды (p &lt;0,05). Қорытындылар. Гендерлік фактор оңалту қызметтерінің сапасы мен қолжетімділігіне айтарлықтай әсер етпеген, ал тұрғылықты жері басты фактор болған. Бұл нәтижелер халықаралық деректерге сәйкес келеді және оңалтуға қолжетімділіктегі кеңістіктік және жүйелік айырмашылықтарды көрсетеді. Пациентке бағдарланған және цифрлық форматтарды кеңейту Қазақстандағы онкологиялық оңалтудың тиімділігін, сапасын және әділдігін арттыруы мүмкін