Iowa Department of Education

ABSTRACT This study examined the relationship between counseling trainees’ professional identity development and their social justice engagement. Data collected from counseling master’s students in CACREP-accredited programs were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression. Results indicated that counseling trainees’ professional identity predicted their social justice engagement. Recommendations for developing counseling trainees’ professional identity and counseling competencies are suggested.

ObjectivesExpert clinicians (ECs) are defined in large part as a group of physicians recognized by their peers for their diagnostic reasoning abilities. However, their reasoning skills have not been quantitatively compared to other clinicians using a validated instrument.MethodsWe surveyed Internal Medicine physicians at the University of Iowa to identify ECs. These clinicians were administered the Diagnostic Thinking Inventory, along with an equivalent number of their peers in the general population of internists. Scores were tabulated for structure and thinking, as well as four previously identified elements of diagnostic reasoning (data acquisition, problem representation, hypothesis generation, and illness script search and selection). We compared scores between the two groups using the two-sample t-test.ResultsSeventeen ECs completed the inventory (100%). Out of 25 randomly-selected non-EC internists (IM), 19 completed the inventory (76%). Mean total scores were 187.2 and 175.8 for the EC and the IM groups respectively. Thinking and structure subscores were 91.5 and 95.71 for ECs, compared to 85.5 and 90.3 for IMs (p-values: 0.0783 and 0.1199, respectively). The mean data acquisition, problem representation, hypothesis generation, and illness script selection subscores for ECs were 4.46, 4.57, 4.71, and 4.46, compared to 4.13, 4.38, 4.45, and 4.13 in the IM group (p-values: 0.2077, 0.4528, 0.095, and 0.029, respectively).ConclusionsECs have greater proficiency in searching for and selecting illness scripts compared to their peers. There were no statistically significant differences between the other scores and subscores. These results will help to inform continuing medical education efforts to improve diagnostic reasoning.

In this insightfully written, thought-provoking book, John E

Low-income, rural children are at a greater risk for poor dietary intake. Schools offer a venue to deliver appropriate interventions. Our aim was to evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of Healthy Schools, Healthy Students (HSHS). We conducted a mixed-methods evaluation using a cluster-randomized trial design with 20 schools in a rural, Midwestern state. HSHS included education sessions, cafeteria coaching and taste testing. We interviewed implementers (n = 13) and nutrition educators (n = 8), conducted six focus groups with cafeteria coaches, and surveyed fourth graders (n = 1057) about their nutrition knowledge, attitudes toward and preferences for fruits and vegetables (F&V), F&V consumption and MyPlate awareness. We used multi-level linear models to estimate the intervention effect and qualitative data were coded. There were very few challenges to implementation. HSHS participation was positively associated with knowledge, attitudes toward F&V, preferences for vegetables from the taste tests, MyPlate awareness and vegetable consumption. HSHS was viewed as beneficial and easy to deliver, suggesting this type of intervention could be widely implemented. Improving knowledge and attitudes through nutrition education and preferences through taste testing have the potential to improve dietary intake among rural students. Low-cost nutrition interventions can be successfully implemented in rural elementary schools with positive outcomes.

Counseling supervision is a critically important process that depends on the establishment of a supportive, collaborative, and developmentally enhancing working relationship. However, the actual verbal exchanges within the supervisory dyads are infrequently examined in the literature. In this study, we used Markov chain analysis to explore supervision dynamics of 34 supervisory dyads and how these dynamics varied within three supervisory styles (i.e., attractive, interpersonally sensitive, and task oriented). Among the three styles, the interpersonally sensitive supervisory style was the only discriminant variable based on which supervisory dyads exhibited statistically different state‐transitional patterns (i.e., movement patterns across six supervision events). The results of this study provide implications for clinical supervisors, counselor educators, counselors‐in‐training, and researchers who are interested in studying process features at the microlevel.

Anti‐poverty policies and income maintenance programmes aim to reduce poverty and income inequality, yet rates of poverty and income inequality have remained stable or increased in 20 of 29 developed nations. Although poverty and income inequality have increased in the USA, the depth and reach of income maintenance programmes have eroded, placing undue strain on other societal systems like education and child welfare. The burden of poverty on child welfare is troubling given the strong association between poverty and child welfare involvement. We conducted a literature review to examine the extent to which the US child welfare system acts as an informal income maintenance programme. Three interrelated research questions were explored: (a) How and when, and under what circumstances, does the US child welfare system provide families with cash and in‐kind transfers, that is, income, food, shelter and durable goods? (b) Which cash and in‐kind transfers are most common in the US child welfare system? (c) How do cash and in‐kind transfers impact families in the child welfare system? Our review yielded eight articles. These articles indicated that cash and in‐kind transfers improve programme retention and reduce child welfare involvement. Implications for research, policy and practice are discussed.‘We conducted a literature review to examine the extent to which the US child welfare system acts as an informal income maintenance programme’Key Practitioner Messages US child welfare programmes offer cash and in‐kind transfers similar to those provided in centralised income maintenance programmes. Cash and in‐kind transfers like food, housing and strollers reduce child welfare involvement and increase programme retention. Conditional cash transfers are cash incentives that boost recruitment and retention in parenting programmes. Even inexpensive material support like donated clothing improve family and programme outcomes in the child welfare system.

The authors examined whether attributional style could explain burnout among 201 counseling graduate students. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis results indicated that stability and globality of attribution explain a significant amount of the variance in counselor trainees’ burnout. These findings suggest intervention and training should be used to promote a more flexible and positive orientation to handle stressful life events.

Research on inclusion for students with emotional–behavioral disabilities (EBD) has typically focused on male participants, because data are limited on female students who fit the criteria for having an EBD and are often misdiagnosed. This qualitative case study adds to the very limited research on the inclusion experiences of girls with EBD. Findings indicate that family dynamics and early traumas carry over into school environments, and that struggles with friendships in inclusive settings, inability to identify boundaries, a connection with one adult at school, and conflict with need for special education services were all part of the participants’ experiences. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications for school social workers working and the need to focus on both individual and systems-level work in school settings for girls with EBD.

In Dangerous Creole Liaisons, Jacqueline Couti navigates intelligently a French historical period (from the post-Revolutionary period to the Third Republic) and a nineteenth-century Martinican literature that have not yet gained enough critical attention in Francophone Caribbean studies scholarship, which focuses mainly on the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.This is the first book entirely devoted to an original and thorough examination of literary texts produced by békés (white Creoles) and non-Creole French travelers.It articulates new theoretical avenues on nationalism, race, ethnicity, female sexuality, agency, and colonial patriarchy as they relate to this period.Hence, Couti markedly expands on work by Chris Bongie, Maeve McCusker, and Kate Marsh that has raised critical scholarly attention to this body of literature.Couti reconsiders discursive dichotomies such as black vs. white creole, Mulatto vs. white creole, Mulatto vs. Black, France vs. Martinique, and postslavery peasantry vs. Creole plantocracy, proposing the metaphor of "dangerous liaisons" to "untangle the intertwined dynamics of domination, resistance, and negotiation" (p.20) and "examine the use of female corporeality as a floating signifier for the nation" (p.3).She argues that the sexualized representations of black or white Creole women's bodies "bring two competing versions of nationalism into play: a local, bounded French nationalism that revolves around metropolitan France, versus a transatlantic, relatively open-ended nationalism that incorporates the Antilles into a 'greater France' " (p.3).The major objective of this book is a critical assessment of the way the symbolic representation of the sexual exoticism, essentialism, or abjection of women in different statuses (mulâtresse, négresse or capresse servants and mistresses, devoted da [nursemaids] and virtuous béké women) operates as a metaphor of the islands and their inhabitants.The book offers a close reading of Prévost de Traversay's Les Amours de Zémédare et Carina (1806), Jules Levilloux's Les créoles ou la vie aux Antilles (1835), Louis Maynard de Queilhe's Outre-mer (1835), Jenny Manet's Maïotte (1896), Lafcadio Hearn's Youma (1890) and Two Years in the French West Indies (1890), and René Bonneville's Le triomphe d'Églantine (1897).Couti labels her corpus "a dominant fabrique of cultural production fueled and restocked by a given social imaginary" (p.5), and demonstrates that Traversay's family romance