Isfahan University of Technology

Monitoring global river discharge is fundamentally limited by the sparse distribution and ongoing decline of ground-based gauging stations. This observational gap is most critical in "ungauged basins," where lack of data hinders water resource management and flood forecasting. The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission serves as a transformative solution, providing the first global inventory of Earth’s surface water by measuring river height, width, and slope from space.Estimating discharge from satellite observations is a complex inverse problem because key hydraulic parameters, such as river bathymetry (bottom elevation) and bed roughness, are unknown in ungauged regions. This research explores various advanced methodologies to bridge this gap by integrating satellite-derived measurements of water surface elevation, width, and slope into hydraulic models. These approaches allow for the simultaneous estimation of unknown parameters and river flow, providing a globally consistent, observation-based record of discharge even in basins where ground-based statistics are entirely unavailableThe studies demonstrate that the unique spatial coverage of SWOT allows for a transition from traditional single-point calibration to a "multi-point" parameter selection approach. This strategy uses observations from numerous points across a river network, which significantly improves the model's ability to identify the correct hydrologic parameters compared to relying on a single virtual gauge.While the satellite data contains inherent measurement noise and systematic biases, the spatially distributed nature of the observations helps compensate for these errors. The research indicates that SWOT is particularly effective at resolving temporal variations in discharge, providing a reliable record of hydrologic events even when absolute discharge values carry uncertainty. However, the effectiveness of the mission can be influenced by river "flashiness"—basins with very rapid changes in flow may be harder to characterize due to the satellite's specific overpass timing.SWOT observations provide a vital resource for constraining hydrological processes globally. By enabling the calibration of hydrologic models in previously unmonitored regions, the mission allows for a better understanding of how streamflow responds to rainfall. This capability is expected to lead to transformative science in global hydrology, offering a consistent and observation-based measure of discharge that far exceeds the accuracy of existing uncalibrated global models.

Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) is a part of the unfolded protein response (UPR) system, which plays an important role in regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress. The overexpression of ATF6 has been reported in various malignancies; however, its expression and functional significance in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) are poorly understood. Bone marrow samples from 69 pediatric patients withALL (48 newly diagnosed, 21 relapsed) and peripheral blood/bone marrow samples from 29 nonleukemic healthy children (controls) were collected. To investigate the effect of ATF6 inhibition on the viability of BCP-ALL derived cell lines, NALM-6 and SUP-B15 cells were treated with the ATF6 inhibitor Ceapin-A7 both alone and in combination with doxorubicin. Apoptosis was quantitatively assessed using flow cytometry. Theexpression levels of ATF6, BCL-2 family members, andATF6 target geneswere determined by qRT-PCR, and theprotein levels ofATF6, caspase-3, PARP, cell cycle regulatorsby Western blot analysis. Our results revealed that theATF6 expression was higher in pediatric patients with relapsed ALL than in newly diagnosed patients. Furthermore, inhibition of ATF6 with Ceapin-A7 enhanced doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in the BCP-ALL cell lines NALM-6 and SUP-B15. Upon inhibition of ATF6, both BCP-ALL cell lines were arrested at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Combined treatment altered the expression of apoptosis-related and cell cycle regulatory genes and proteins, and ATF6 target genes were upregulated by Ceapin-A7 alone but attenuated in the combined treatmentgroup. ATF6 inhibition combined with doxorubicin represents a promising therapeuticstrategy for enhancing apoptosis in BCP-ALL cells.

Constant-potential molecular dynamics (CPM-MD) simulations were used to uncover how nanoscale confinement and electrode polarization jointly govern charge-storage mechanisms and charging kinetics in graphene–carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid electrodes immersed in a highly concentrated 5.0 m aqueous LiClO4 electrolyte. Four vertically aligned single-walled CNTs ((7,7), (11,11), (15,15), and (20,20) with diameters spanning 9.4–26.5 Å) were examined under applied potentials of ΔV = −2.0, 0, and +2.0 V. The simulations reveal a sharp, diameter-dependent transition in the dominant charging mechanism: subnanometer pores store charge mainly by co-ion desorption, while wider pores increasingly facilitate counterion adsorption, as captured quantitatively by the X parameter. The (15,15) CNT (∼20 Å) emerges as the optimal geometry, achieving the most favorable balance between ion accessibility and electrostatic stabilization and delivering the highest intrinsic gravimetric capacitance. At the device scale, the hybrid electrode exhibits strong polarity asymmetry: the total capacitance reaches 224.8 F g–1 under negative polarization but decreases to 97.4 F g–1 when the polarity is reversed. Charging kinetics show a similar dependence with characteristic time constants of ≈0.0057 ns (positive bias) and ≈0.062 ns (negative bias). Together, these results demonstrate that the pore diameter and electrode polarity orchestrate both equilibrium ion organization and transient interfacial response. The mechanistic principles identified here provide actionable molecular-level guidelines for designing hierarchical carbon electrodes optimized for high-performance aqueous supercapacitors.