Islamic Azad University of Urmia

The present study aims to investigate the optical and structural characteristics of CuMn2O4GO and CuMn2O4GOFe3O4 nanocomposites in comparison to CuMn2O4 nanoparticles, with the goal of exploring linear, nonlinear, and photonic applications. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis determined the crystallite sizes for CuMn2O4, CuMn2O4GO, and CuMn2O4GOFe3O4 samples synthesized by the co-precipitation method to be 16.31, 4.76, and 11.86 nm, respectively. SEM images demonstrate that the particles were generally well-dispersed and mostly spherical to hexagonal in shape. By analyzing the reflectance data through the Tauc model, the direct band gap energies were found to be 2.06 eV, 2.08 eV, and 2.18 eV for CuMn2O4, CuMn2O4GO, and CuMn2O4GOFe3O4 samples, respectively. To examine the NLO properties of the nanopowders, the Z-scan method was utilized with a 532 nm Nd: YAG laser at incident powers of P_{0} = 20, 25, and 30 mW. The nonlinear absorption coefficient and refractive index determined by the Z-scan method were approximately (103) and (109), respectively. At P_{0} = 30 mW, for CuMn2O4, CuMn2O4GO, and CuMn2O4GOFe3O4, the NLR and NLA reverse saturable absorption reactions are observed at 3.04 × 10−9, 3.98 × 10−9, and 10.3 × 10−9 m2/W, and 8.6 × 10−3, 6.4 × 10−3, and 5 × 10−3 m/W, respectively. The exceptional nonlinear optical (NLO) coefficients of the prepared nanopowders emphasize their potential for creating ultrafast lasers, anti-laser optical limiters, and two-photon microscopy.

Researchers are constantly looking for ways to improve flat solar air heaters, which are a popular way to heat air using solar energy. This study looked at two different designs for the heat-absorbing surface (sinusoidal and plain) and how adding “Piranha fins” affected their performance. This research consisted of two parts. First, solar heaters with different absorber surfaces, including sinusoidal and plain, are investigated in two cases equipped with piranha fins and without fins. The second part will investigate the number of piranha fins (N). The results of the first part showed At a Reynolds number of 10,000, the sinusoidal absorber with Piranha fins achieved 23% efficiency, the sinusoidal absorber without fins reached 30%, and the plain absorber with fins only achieved 0.95% efficiency. The second part of the study demonstrated that increasing the fin count up to seven resulted in significant performance gains, with improvements of 30%, 28.5%, 23%, and 17% compared to the no-fin case for N = 7, N = 5, N = 3, respectively, at Re = 1000.

Abstract The Mountain Gazelle Optimizer (MGO) is a newly emerging nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm based on mountain gazelles' regionally and adaptively directed behavior. It is intended to solve complex optimization problems with an effective balance of exploration and exploitation. The MGO has several benefits: it is scalable, adaptable, parameter-free, capable of multi-objective optimization , and offers real-world application opportunities. The drawbacks of MGO include susceptibility to premature convergence, high computational complexity, and limited scalability to solve higher dimensional problems. The focus of the work is to investigate the development of MGO in the optimization field thoroughly. This review addresses the capabilities and limitations and express its growing relevance across applications. The investigation will refer to 89 studies published on MGO, categorized into four headings: adapted, variants, hybrid, and enhanced, contributing 37, 3, 33, and 27%, respectively, of all studies. This review is to supply researchers and practitioners with a comprehensive overview of potential optimization strategies. The review will compile and synthesize relevant studies to portray potential development opportunities for MGO and practical applications.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by hepatic steatosis unrelated to significant alcohol consumption, represents a growing global health concern closely associated with metabolic syndrome. Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) recognizes this condition as a diet-related disorder and offers numerous herbal interventions. This study identifies the most frequently documented medicinal plants in TIM for NAFLD management. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive review of classical TIM texts alongside systematic searches in modern scientific databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, SID, Magiran, and ISC. Search terms encompassed both Persian and English keywords related to medicinal plants, NAFLD, therapeutic efficacy, and safety profiles. Results: The investigation identified 37 medicinal plants commonly utilized in TIM for NAFLD treatment. Prominent species include Silybum marianum, Taraxacum officinale, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, and Glycyrrhiza glabra. These plants demonstrate multiple pharmacological mechanisms including lipid metabolism regulation, antioxidant activity, and anti-inflammatory effects through their diverse bioactive constituents. Conclusion: Traditional Iranian Medicine offers a substantial repertoire of medicinal plants with potential therapeutic value for NAFLD. The documented plants show promising mechanisms of action that warrant further pharmacological investigation and clinical validation for evidence-based application in modern hepatology.

Recent studies have demonstrated that insulin and its receptors play a vital role in the central nervous system, supporting neuronal survival, regulating energy metabolism, and facilitating synaptic plasticity-processes fundamental to learning and memory. Therefore, disruption of insulin signaling and glucose metabolism in the central nervous system impairs cognitive function and plays a role in the induction of dementia, such as AD. In the central nervous system, increased insulin sensitivity and proper insulin signaling affect the molecular cascades underlying plasticity, learning, and memory. Therefore, increasing brain insulin sensitivity is a preventive and therapeutic strategy in the prevalence and prevention of neurodegenerative disorders. It has been confirmed that in muscle, liver, and brain tissues, regular exercise training (including aerobic, resistance, and high-intensity exercise) with standard intensity and frequency, undoubtedly plays an important role in improving insulin sensitivity. The effects of exercise training on improving brain insulin sensitivity can be explained by multiple mechanisms. Since muscle contraction can have endocrine effects by secreting secretomes (especially myokines), it seems that one of the precise mechanisms of the effect of exercise training and exercise-induced muscle contraction on brain insulin sensitivity is these myokines. This review examines the roles and mechanisms of multiple myokines in enhancing brain insulin sensitivity, along with the metabolic interactions between muscle and the central nervous system. Clinical tips for the type, dose, and intensity of exercise to increase myokines related to the central nervous system are also presented.