Itaipu Binacional

In the original publication, there were errors in the reported values of water use in the Biofloc Technology (BFT) system [...]

This paper provides a brief review of biogas contaminants,examiningthe impact of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitrogen (N2), and ammonia (NH3) on catalytic reforming processesand Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) electricity generation. Biogas,produced through anaerobic digestion (AD), is a promising renewableenergy source that can be upgraded into biomethane and reformed intoH2-rich syngas for SOFCs. Despite this, contaminants likeH2S found in biogas and biomethane cause critical issuessuch as catalyst poisoning, decreased electrochemical performance,and higher maintenance costs, while NH3, potentially formedfrom N2 during reforming, can lead to catalyst degradationand reduced SOFC performance, representing an underexplored contaminationpathway. This review highlights the negative impacts of H2S, N2, and NH3 on catalytic reforming and SOFCs,causing catalyst deactivation and performance loss, thus reinforcingthe importance of developing advanced purification methods and sulfur-tolerantmaterials to improve renewable hydrogen (H2) productionand fuel cell durability.

Many communities in the Brazilian Amazon region remain without reliable access to electricity due to geographical barriers and the high cost of connecting to the national grid. This study aims to evaluate the techno-economic feasibility of implementing battery storage systems in an existing isolated solar–diesel microgrid located in Tunui-Cachoeira, in the district of São Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM). The analysis uses an energy balance methodology, implemented through the HOMER Pro simulation platform, to assess three scenarios: (i) without batteries, (ii) with lithium-ion batteries, and (iii) with lead–acid batteries. Technical and economic indicators such as net present cost (NPC), levelized cost of energy (LCOE), diesel consumption, and renewable fraction were compared. The results indicate that incorporating lead–acid batteries yields the lowest LCOE (1.99 R$/kWh) and the highest renewable fraction (96.8%). This demonstrates that adding energy storage systems significantly enhances the performance and cost-effectiveness of microgrids, offering a viable path to electrify remote and hard-to-reach communities in the Amazon.

ABSTRACT This article presents a comprehensive taxonomy and survey of Cybersecurity Control Schemes (CCS) tailored for Smart Grids (SG), with a particular focus on vulnerabilities in the IEC 61850 standard and the countermeasures provided by IEC 62351. The taxonomy introduces four main dimensions to analyse 25 tailored CCS for SG, covering research from 2013 to 2023. It establishes classification criteria that encompass: (i) deployment strategies, categorised into five levels based on SG supervision hierarchy; (ii) security mechanisms, including prevention, detection and response mechanisms; (iii) mitigated threats, such as False Data Injection (FDI), Denial‐of‐Service (DoS), masquerade attacks, replay attacks, data tampering; and (iv) protected applications within the power system domain, such as supervisory, protection, and control applications, time synchronisation and synchrophasor data applications. The survey evaluates CCS characteristics aligned with IEC 61850 and IEC 62351 standards and provides a structured analysis of CCS deployment, commonly used data parameters, security mechanisms and response actions for mitigating cyberthreats in SG. Finally, by integrating lessons from industry standards, academic research and practical considerations, this study identifies open challenges and outlines future research opportunities to enhance CCS robustness. The findings offer actionable insights for researchers and practitioners seeking to strengthen the cybersecurity of SG systems.

<p>This article explores the integration of Eco Cities and Smart Regions to create sustainable and innovative urban environments. Eco Cities focus on environmental sustainability through renewable energy, waste management, and green infrastructure, aiming to reduce ecological footprints and promote healthy lifestyles. Smart Regions, on the other hand, utilize advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and big data analytics to enhance public service efficiency, optimize resource use, and foster economic development. The study highlights how combining these two approaches can lead to significant benefits, including improved operational efficiency, better quality of life, environmental resilience, and active citizen participation. Case studies of cities like Copenhagen and Singapore demonstrate successful integration, showcasing achievements in sustainability and technological innovation. The article also identifies the main challenges in this integration, including technical compatibility, cybersecurity risks, high initial investments, digital inequality, and the need for robust governance frameworks. Overcoming these challenges requires collaborative efforts among governments, private sectors, and civil society, as well as innovative financing strategies and capacity-building programs. Future considerations emphasize the need for a holistic approach to urban planning that incorporates emerging technologies, flexible and adaptive strategies, and inclusive citizen engagement. By addressing these factors, cities and regions can become more resilient, sustainable, and inclusive, meeting the needs of both current and future generations. This integrated approach promises to transform urban environments into hubs of sustainability and innovation, driving long-term positive outcomes for society and the environment.<strong></strong></p>

The new paradigm of the electric sector, given the increased penetration of distributed generation, includes a growing number of microgrids. Therefore, the implementation of microgrids needs to be preceded by studies and simulations to evaluate the possible scenarios under which these systems will operate. This paper presents an overview of state-of-the-art technologies for microgrid simulation and describes an example implemented at the facility to which the first authors are affiliated.

The accuracy of intraoral impressions is critical for making well-fitting restorations. The possibility of digitalizing the patient's mouth has once been intended for Dentistry, however, the accuracy of dental impressions for different clinical applications is still resisted by professionals. Thus, the understanding of Dentistry students can facilitate the use of the digital technique. The aim of this study was to develop the computational thinking of dentistry students for the use of the intraoral impressions’ technique. Information was collected through searches in Pubmed, Scielo, Scopus, Lilacs and Google Scholar databases using the words "digital printing", "dimensional impression accuracy", "dental impression technique", "intraoral scanner" and "Dentistry digital" in Portuguese or English. Factors such as temperature variation, time period between casting and molding, plaster surface wettability and disinfection procedures may result in material distortion and affect accuracy. Patients commonly report greater comfort when using digital impression techniques and less impression than for conventional impression techniques. Based on this literature review, the intraoral scanning over the years will replace the conventional impression, as it is currently a reliable method, and as accurate as the conventional impression, being in some cases even more precise, in addition to offering greater comfort to the dentist and patient; thus, it is extremely important for dental students to incorporate the computational use of this technique into their learning.

Os acidentes por causas externas são um sério problema de saúde pública, pois geralmente são causa de lesões graves, gerando um grande impacto nos serviços de saúde, devido as altas taxas de morbimortalidade e os custos que os atendimentos à essas ocorrências geram ao Sistema Único de Saúde. Estudo descritivo e transversal, analisou os atendimentos realizados pelo Serviço Integrado de Assistência ao Trauma em Emergência, que envolveram crianças de 0 a 12 anos vítimas de acidentes por causas externas nos anos de 2014 à 2016 no município de Foz do Iguaçu – PR. A análise de dados foi realizada por freqüências absolutas e relativas a partir de variáveis extraídas dos Relatórios de Atendimento dos Socorristas preenchidos durante o atendimento de cada ocorrência. Foi possível observar que houve predominância das ocorrências no sexo masculino (64,08%) e na faixa etária de 6 a 10 anos de idade (41,89%), os acidentes com maior registro foram as quedas (38,36%). Dessa forma, pode-se direcionar as campanhas de prevenção e conscientização de acidentes, com o objetivo de reduzir o número de atendimentos e o risco de morbimortalidade infantil, o que a longo prazo, traz reflexos na qualidade de vida e nos indicadores de saúde do município.