JEI University

This paper presents a philosophical and theoretical follow-up to the author’s recent work on hallucination as an inevitable byproduct of intelligence in LLMs. While the original paper argued that hallucination is not merely a failure mode but an intrinsic property of intelligent behavior in LLMs, this paper extends that thesis by exploring whether this inevitability could ever be overturned.The central question examined is: Could hallucination be eliminated, if lossless abstraction were made possible? We analyze this hypothetical from first principles and argue that any such goal runs counter to the foundational limits imposed by algorithmic information theory, particularly Kolmogorov complexity, Chaitin’s incompleteness theorem, and Shannon’s entropy limit. Together, these frameworks demonstrate that any sufficiently intelligent system must operate through lossy compression entailing inherent information loss, ambiguity, and semantic distortion.This implies that hallucination is not a superficial flaw to be engineered away, but rather a structural consequence of intelligence operating under finite constraints. We conclude by reflecting on the implications of this claim for AI design, evaluation, and ethics, proposing a shift toward hallucination-aware architectures and epistemically humble interfaces.

This study aims to develop a multichannel stimulation system integrating electrocardiogram (ECG)-based heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) measurement capabilities within a non-invasive vagus nerve stimulator (nVNS). Furthermore, the study proposes the implementation of personalized stimulation with closed-loop control. The system employs five electrodes to simultaneously quantify vagus nerve stimulation and ECG signals, which are evaluated in real time, and the stimulation intensity and pattern are modified via a smartphone application. These attributes offer the potential to effectively enhance autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Subsequent studies will substantiate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of the system through clinical trials and incorporate additional vital signs such as respiration and blood pressure to extend its applicability to a variety of autonomic nervous system disorders.

Introduction: The global pandemic of the coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In addition to respiratory failures, COVID-19 patients exhibited cardiac complications. Studies observed the direct infection and replication of SARS-CoV2 in human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) accompanied by cytopathic effects. However, the underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-mediated CM death remain poorly understood. In addition, the therapeutic potential of remdesivir (RDV) on CMs has yet to be answered. Methods and Results: We confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 is infectious to and effectively replicates in hPSC-CMs and is cytopathic to hPSC-CMs. We also found that RDV effectively inhibited viral replication at a concentration of 50 nM. RNA-seq analyses demonstrated that expression of immune responsive genes was elevated in SARS-CoV-2 infected hPSC-CMs. Immunostaining and an ELISA assay further revealed formation of inflammasomes and secretion of inflammasome-mediated cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-6 in SARS-CoV-2 infected hPSC-CMs. RNA-seq analyses showed gene profile changes in SARS-CoV-2 infected hPSC-CMs corroborating with activation of inflammatory signals and cell death pathways. While gene profiles of 0.1 μM RDV-treated SARS-CoV-2-infected hPSC-CMs showed reversal of such changes, a high dose (10 μM) RDV-treated CoV-2-infected hPSC-CMs showed changes in 44% of genes expressed compared to non-RDV-treated CoV2-infected hPSC-CMs. Among those, expression of protein stability related genes, such as genes associated with autophagy and protein ubiquitination increased while expression of antiviral responsive genes decreased. In addition, a high dose of RDV inhibited expression of mitochondrial genes, particularly MitoComplex I and V compositions, which are related to energy production. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that SARS-CoV2 induced inflammasome in hPSC-CMs, which can underlie cardiac damage in addition to direct cytopathic effects. In addition, RDV can reduce inflammasome when introduced early after SARS-CoV2 infection while a high-dose can aggravate cytopathic effects by potential toxicity to mitochondria.

Background:The high prevalence of chronic diseases has been an ongoing public concern. The psychological factors, including lack of social support and perceived lack of control, were found to be highly associated with an increased risk of the diseases. In fact, the effect of disease management programs (DMP) in patients diagnosed with chronic diseases were assessed in multiple studies to measure health-related quality of life (HR = QoL), which measured in the EuroQol 5-Dimension Questionnaire (EQ-5D) index score, also known as self-perceived health.Methods:The study was conducted using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2007 to 2012 and through descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression to investigate the association of participation in DMP and the EQ-5D index score.Results:The results revealed that the subjects diagnosed with hypertension were shown to have a lower quality of life to those without the diagnosis (P < .05). Moreover, in the hypertensive Korean population, DMP did not show any statistically significant impact on the EQ-5D index score (P > .05).Conclusion:Our study has assessed the association of DMP and EQ-5D index score in hypertensive patients only although it is still uncertain the effect of DMP on other chronic diseases therefore, further studies should be conducted to investigate the importance of DMP in Korea for the patients with such diseases in improving their quality of life.

Abstract During metal powder production, powder and/or dust handling, compaction, and part finishing operations, many safety and environmental risks exist. This article is a detailed account of the types of safety hazards that can exist and the issues that occur during metal powder handling, as well as recommendations and strategies that can be employed to both prevent and protect against damaging effects from powder exposure, fire and/or explosions, or environmental impact events.

Stem cell factor (SCF) has recently demonstrated activity as a novel endothelial permeability factor that contributes to the development of diabetes-induced hyperpermeable retinal vasculature. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of masitinib, a pharmacologic inhibitor of the SCF receptor cKit, for prevention of diabetes-induced breakdown of blood retinal barrier (BRB). Permeability assays were performed with human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and murine retinal vasculature. Localization of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin and activation of SCF signaling pathway was determined by immunofluorescence and Western blotting assays. Mice and rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes were used to investigate the role of cKit and masitinib in diabetes-induced retinal vascular hyperpermeability. Masitinib substantially blocked SCF-induced phosphorylation of cKit in HRMECs. In vitro and in vivo vascular permeability assays showed that masitinib significantly inhibited SCF-induced endothelial hyperpermeability and junctional loss of VE-cadherin. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes was induced in cKit-mutant mice with low cKit expression in their endothelial cells. Although diabetic wild-type mice exhibited enhanced retinal vascular leakage, diabetic cKit-mutant mice showed no increase in retinal vascular leakage or alteration in the distribution of VE-cadherin; this indicates the crucial role of cKit in diabetes-induced breakdown of BRB. Moreover, in vivo prevention experiments showed that an intravitreal injection of masitinib substantially inhibited the development of hyperpermeable retinal vasculature. These results provide the first demonstration that cKit inhibitors, such as masitinib, might be promising therapeutics for prevention of diabetes-induced breakdown of the BRB.

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to assess bullying of nurses, and test the validity and reliability of the instrument. The initial thirty items of WPBN-TI were identified through a review of the literature on types bullying related to nursing and in-depth interviews with 14 nurses who experienced bullying at work. Sixteen items were developed through 2 content validity tests by 9 experts and 10 nurses. The final WPBN-TI instrument was evaluated by 458 nurses from five general hospitals in the Incheon metropolitan area. SPSS 18.0 program was used to assess the instrument based on internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and criterion validity. WPBN-TI consisted of 16 items with three distinct factors (verbal and nonverbal bullying, work-related bullying, and external threats), which explained 60.3% of the total variance. The convergent validity and determinant validity for WPBN-TI were 100.0%, 89.7%, respectively. Known-groups validity of WPBN-TI was proven through the mean difference between subjective perception of bullying. The satisfied criterion validity for WPBN-TI was more than .70. The reliability of WPBN-TI was Cronbach's α of .91. WPBN-TI with high validity and reliability is suitable to determine types of bullying in nursing workplace.