JX Crystals (United States)

Air pollution is a major environmental risk affecting billions of people worldwide, contributing to respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).While many studies focus on medical treatments and policy interventions, only a few explore how engineering can directly help reduce pollution-related health risks.This review introduces three promising technological approaches: wearable air quality monitors, which allow individuals to track real-time exposure to harmful pollutants; air-filtering materials, including HEPA and nanofiber filters that block fine particles before they enter the lungs; and lung-targeted therapies, such as inhalable drug delivery systems using nanoparticles.Additionally, we explore how integrating these technologies with public health initiatives, such as educational campaigns and environmental regulations, can enhance their accessibility and effectiveness.Through this cross-disciplinary lens, the paper highlights the critical role of bioengineering in addressing one of the most urgent environmental health challenges of our time.It encourages student researchers to pursue innovative, science-based solutions.

ABSTRACT Standard pathology workup sometimes fails to definitively identify tumor tissue-of-origin in cancers with ambiguous diagnoses or unknown primary sites, complicating treatment decisions. Molecular assays can aid diagnosis but require additional tissue and increase healthcare costs. Intending to leverage routinely collected somatic mutation profiles from comprehensive genomic profiling, we developed Tumor-Origin.com, a machine learning platform to predict tumor tissue-of-origin from mutation data alone. We trained five classifiers on 10,945 tumor mutation profiles from the MSK-IMPACT cohort and validated performance on an independent set of 770 tumors from the Gundersen Precision Oncology cohort spanning 52 cancer types. Performance was strongest for the most common tumor types, reflecting their relative over-representation in training data. Among cancer types with more than five cases, the Logistic Regression classifier achieved the highest average top-3 accuracy of 49%, followed by the Support Vector Machine at 43%. At least one algorithm delivered ≥40% accuracy in 23 cancer types. Our integrated platform thus provides robust tumor origin predictions across diverse cancers. We have implemented a web-based tool ( https://tumor-origin.com ) to assist clinicians and researchers in refining diagnoses of cancers of unknown primary without requiring additional tissue or costly testing.

This book describes recent breakthroughs that promise major cost reductions in solar energy production in a clear and highly accessible manner.

A majority of the residential condominiums in the USA were originally constructed with wall to wall carpet flooring in the living rooms, bedrooms, and hallways. Removing the carpet and replacing it with various types of hard surface flooring is a recent popular trend. Converting these areas from carpet to hard surface flooring will result in a significant increase in impact sound transmission to the floor below as well as adjacent living units on the same floor. Unfortunately, some condominium homeowner’s associations do not have a written policy for accepting these modifications. Those that do often set the floor acceptance criterion as a field tested FIIC (now called AIIC) rating (typically in the 50 to 55 range), tested after the hard surface flooring is installed. This can result in significant financial impacts to the homeowner installing the flooring if final testing reveals that the floor does not meet the criterion set by the homeowner’s association. This presentation will discuss the complicated issues facing all three parties (homeowner, neighbor, and HOA Board) and presents a recommendation for a written policy that is fair to all.A majority of the residential condominiums in the USA were originally constructed with wall to wall carpet flooring in the living rooms, bedrooms, and hallways. Removing the carpet and replacing it with various types of hard surface flooring is a recent popular trend. Converting these areas from carpet to hard surface flooring will result in a significant increase in impact sound transmission to the floor below as well as adjacent living units on the same floor. Unfortunately, some condominium homeowner’s associations do not have a written policy for accepting these modifications. Those that do often set the floor acceptance criterion as a field tested FIIC (now called AIIC) rating (typically in the 50 to 55 range), tested after the hard surface flooring is installed. This can result in significant financial impacts to the homeowner installing the flooring if final testing reveals that the floor does not meet the criterion set by the homeowner’s association. This presentation will discuss the complicated ...

Zinc diffused P on N GaSb cells are typically used in TPV systems. However, there are three potential advantages for developing N on P GaSb cells. First, because the minority electron carrier diffusion length in the P type wafer is longer than the hole minority carrier diffusion length in N type wafers, the quantum efficiency near the GaSb band edge will be higher for N on P cells. This is important for TPV systems and demonstrated herein in the first fabricated diffused junction N on P cells. A second potential advantage could be a much simpler fabrication process if a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) N+ layer is used instead. A third advantage could be a built in long wavelength reflecting filter associated with the TCO which would be an efficiency advantage for a TPV system. The development of N on P GaSb cells is described herein.

Both solar cells and batteries generate quiet DC electric power. Infrared (IR) sensitive GaSb photovoltaic cells can convert energy from a combustion heated glowing ceramic IR emitter into electricity. The result is a lightweight thermophotovoltaic (TPV) battery replacement that operates day and night. We present here the design and operation of a first stand alone TPV generator. Test results on this unit have allowed us to design a scale-up hand-held 10% efficient 50 W TPV generator weighing 1.5 kg. The 50 W scale-up TPV power supply along with 1.5 kg of fuel has a projected weight specific energy density of 645 Wh/kg. This is 4 times larger than for a Li ion battery.

A Space Power Satellite capable of providing solar electric power economically for 24 hours per day has been a dream for decades. Herein, an alternative will be described. Mirrors deflecting sunbeams down to earth is a much simpler concept. While this idea is very intriguing, the magnitude of its implementation is daunting. Nevertheless, the idea is intriguing enough to proceed with a first order design for the required space mirror satellites. A first step in a development road-map could be the construction of a 12 square meter space mirror to demonstrate full moon intensity illumination in Disney Parks in the evenings. This first small space mirror could potentially be deployed on the International Space Station for testing and proof of concept experiments.

Unfortunately here on earth, the sun doesn’t always shine. This means that heat from the sun is not always available. So, it will still be desirable to occasionally burn fuels for heat. Nuclear power plants are not going to provide heat for homes and coal burned for home heating is a very dirty fuel. Consequently, natural gas, propane, and heating oil are the common fuels used for home heating today and it will be desirable to preserve these fuels for heating for as long as possible.

The prelims comprise: Half Title Wiley Series Page Title Copyright Contents Preface Contributors