Jai Prakash Vishwavidyalaya

SHGs, by acting as financial intermediaries, offer affordable group loans, which not only provide crucial financial access but also foster strong group cohesion. This research delves into how Self-Help Groups (SHGs) are empowering women in West Bengal's Nadia district, drawing insights directly from 379 SHG members. Recognizing that women's empowerment is a complex and multifaceted concept, the study aimed to understand the members' own perceptions of their empowerment journey. Using the Garrett Ranking Method, the study compared various components of empowerment to identify which aspects have been most significantly impacted since women joined SHGs. The findings reveal a clear preference: respondents ranked economic empowerment indicators higher than social and personal growth indicators. They strongly believe that access to cheap credit and its efficient utilization have been more instrumental in empowering them economically than socially. Essentially, the study concludes that, from the perspective of these women, economic factors are more effective than non-economic factors in driving their empowerment. This highlights the foundational role of financial independence in their overall journey toward empowerment.

The Sjogren syndrome is known to have a variety of manifestations apart from the classical glandular involvement. These include musculoskeletal, vascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and renal involvement. Herein, we present a case series where patients presented with primarily with neurological complaints and retrospectively were diagnosed with Sjogren syndrome.

Oxidation reactions are vital tools in synthetic organic chemistry. Oxidation of organic species such as alcohols, phenols, aldehydes and ketones provides synthetically valuable organic compounds, especially synthetic intermediates for several biologically active compounds. Some of these synthetic intermediates have shown their synthetic utility in the total synthesis of natural products. Several classical and modern synthetic approaches have been used to achieve these oxidation reactions. In this review article, various oxidation reactions achieved by metal catalysis are highlighted.

The present paper is related with preparation of Ni(ii) complexes and determination of their structuars. The presens "Synthesis and characterization of Ni(II) Complexes of transition metals with 1,3-histo-hydroxy aniline) propane as ligand (LH) and the determination of the structures of the complexes by employing various physico chemical methods like elemental analysis, clectrical conductance and magnetic moment measurements. LR and electronic behaviour of the complexes.

In this research work, the effects of perturbing and oblateness on the generalised photogravitational restricted three body problem (RTBP) are examined when the primary are regarded as radiation sources and oblate spheroid. The perturbing forces were included in the equations of motion that we developed for the system. The triangular libration points were derived in terms of the perturbing parameters using linear approximations, and their influence was seen. Applying Murray's criteria, we determined that the triangular libration points remained unstable due to the nature of the characteristics equation matching to the variational equations of motion of the system generated.

The Delhi Sultanate marked a transformative period in India’s urban history, characterized by the expansion of cities, the establishment of new urban centers, and the revival of older settlements. With the rise of successive dynasties Mamluks, Khaljis, Tughlaqs, Sayyids, and Lodis—the subcontinent witnessed rapid urbanization driven by administrative needs, military strategies, economic growth, and cultural exchange. The influx of Persian, Central Asian, and Arab influences played a significant role in shaping the architecture, trade networks, and social fabric of these cities. Delhi, the capital of the Sultanate, emerged as a vibrant metropolis, reflecting the grandeur of Islamic urban planning and governance. Other cities such as Lahore, Jaunpur, Daulatabad, and Lakhnauti flourished as regional power centers. These cities were strategically developed with fortifications, mosques, madrasas, caravanserais, and bustling markets that facilitated trade and commerce. Economic activities played a crucial role in urban expansion, with the introduction of a monetized economy, market regulations, and improved trade routes connecting India with the Middle East, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia. The Sultanate encouraged the growth of specialized artisan communities, guilds, and commercial establishments, fostering a vibrant economic environment. The urbanization under the Delhi Sultanate also had a profound socio-political impact. The cities became centers of political authority, military organization, and religious patronage. The architectural legacy of the period, including iconic structures like the Qutub Minar, Alai Darwaza, Hauz Khas Complex, and Tughlaqabad Fort, continues to define India's historical landscape. Despite the prosperity of these urban centers, challenges such as frequent Mongol invasions, shifting capitals, and agrarian dependencies influenced the stability of urban life. Nevertheless, the urbanization initiated during the Sultanate period laid the foundation for the flourishing cities of the Mughal era and beyond, leaving a lasting imprint on India’s historical and cultural development.

Three years after Zadeh introduced the notion of a fuzzy set in his seminal paper in 1965, the first paper of fuzzy topology, introduced by Chang, appeared in 1968. Atanassov introduced and studied the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy sets as a generalization of fuzzy sets. Coker came out with the concept called “intuitionistic fuzzy topological spaces”. Tong introduced and investigated strong forms of open sets called strong regular open, θ-open, and δ-open sets, respectively. In this present paper, we studied fuzzy closure and fuzzy point [1-5].