Jan Kochanowski University

The molecular design of functional organic dyes as fluorescent chemosensors represents a dynamic frontier in materials chemistry, bridging synthetic dye chemistry with practical analytical applications. This review summarizes recent progress in the molecular design and photophysical properties of fluorescent sensors for metal ion detection, with particular emphasis on lead (Pb 2+ ) ions. The first part focuses specifically on Pb 2+ -responsive sensors, considering the high toxicity of lead and the need for selective chelation strategies. The second part systematically surveys diverse fluorophore backbones, including quinoline, pyrazoloquinoline, fluorescein, rhodamine, coumarin, pyrene, and Schiff base derivatives. Special attention is given to how specific structural modifications and the strategic incorporation of chelating units influence fluorescence responses and coordination selectivity. Key analytical parameters of sensor–ion systems, such as detection limits, binding constants, and complex stoichiometry, are compared across representative fluorophore-based sensorsFinally, the underlying metal-ligand interactions and fluorescence sensing mechanisms, including photoinduced electron transfer (PET), intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF), chelation-enhanced quenching (CHEQ) and excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), are discussed. The review concludes with an outlook on current challenges and future perspectives in the development of selective, sensitive, and practically applicable fluorescent sensors for Pb 2+ detection. • Comprehensive review of organic dye-based fluorescent sensors for metal ion detection, with a specific focus on highly toxic Pb 2+ ions. • Comparison of sensors with different fluorophore cores (fluorescein, rhodamine, quinoline, pyrene, coumarin, Schiff base), including their detection limits, complex stoichiometry, and binding constants. • Detailed overview of the coordination chemistry of Pb 2+ -selective sensors. • Insight into the fluorescence detection mechanism (PET, ICT, CHEF, CHEQ, ESIPT) as a key design element for improving sensor selectivity and sensitivity.

Nursing students face high academic and emotional demands that may adversely affect their mental well-being and psychological resources. Understanding the relationships between stress, life orientation, and sense of coherence is essential for developing effective support strategies. This study aimed to examine the mediating role of perceived stress in the relationship between life orientation and sense of coherence among nursing students, with the year of study as a moderator. A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted between October and December 2023 among 2,689 undergraduate nursing students in Poland aged 18–30 years. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire and standardized instruments: LOT-R, SOC-29, and PSS-10. Moderated mediation analyses were performed. Most participants reported high levels of perceived stress and high dispositional optimism, while sense of coherence scores were moderate. Optimism showed a negative direct association with meaningfulness, which strengthened in the second year of study and became partially mediated by stress in the third year. In the first two years, higher optimism was associated with lower manageability; this relationship weakened in the third year, suggesting adaptive changes. The third year emerged as a critical period, during which stress significantly reduced comprehensibility and meaningfulness and played a stronger mediating role between optimism and sense of coherence. Perceived stress mediates the relationship between life orientation and sense of coherence in nursing students, with patterns differing across years of study. These findings highlight the need for targeted educational and psychological interventions to enhance stress management, emotional resilience, and psychological resources, particularly in later stages of nursing education. Not applicable.

Partner relationships play a key role in human functioning, being an important source of emotional support, security, and a sense of belonging. Contemporary psychological research increasingly focuses on the factors determining the quality and durability of relationships, among which particular importance is attributed to attachment styles and less to the phenomenon of ressentiment. Attachment styles, formed in early relational experience, determine the ways of regulating closeness, trust, and dependence in partner relationships. On the other hand, ressentiment, understood as a relatively permanent emotional and cognitive disposition of a hidden nature, can act as a “silent destructor” of the relationship, influencing the interpretation of the partner’s behaviour, the emotions experienced and the subjective assessment of the relationship. The paper aims to show the relationship between attachment styles, the level of ressentiment and life satisfaction in relationships of different seniority. The study included 144 people (72 women and 72 men) in partnerships, with two groups separated: people in relationships lasting up to 7 years and over 7 years. The Attachment Styles Questionnaire (KSP) by M. Plopa was used in the research (2008), the Life Satisfaction Scale (SWLS) by E. Diener and colleagues, and in the Polish adaptation Z. Juczyński (2001) and the Ressentiment Questionnaire (KRe-Psy) developed by M.G. Karbowski (2025). The results indicate that both attachment styles and the level of ressentiment are significantly associated with life satisfaction in a partnership, regardless of its duration. Ressentiment manifests itself as a correlate that lowers the quality of relationships, co-occurring especially with non-secure attachment styles. In relationships with more than 7 years of experience, higher relational satisfaction is associated with a lower severity of the key components of ressentiment – reluctance (ρ = −0.781), contempt (ρ = −0.802), and regret (ρ = −0.603) – suggesting that as the quality of relationships decreases, persistent forms of hostility and feelings of harm increase. This means that in long-term relationships, ressentiment takes on a relatively chronic character and is associated with a lower rating of the relationship. On the other hand, in relationships up to 7 years of age, relational satisfaction has the lowest level in connection with revenge (ρ = −0.832) and jealousy (ρ = −0.541), while other manifestations of ressentiment are uncorrelated with the quality of the relationship. The results of the study emphasise the universal importance of the analysed variables in and the need for further research, especially of a longitudinal nature, enabling a better understanding of the dynamics of these relationships during the duration of the relationship.

Background/Objectives: Chronic lower-limb ulcers of mixed etiology are characterized by impaired microcirculation and persistent inflammation, leading to delayed healing, frequent hospitalizations, and a high risk of limb loss. While infrared thermography reflects local perfusion status and systemic inflammatory markers capture whole-body immune activation, these dimensions are usually assessed separately. The objective of this study was to develop and internally evaluate a composite Thermal-Inflammatory Index (TI) integrating wound-bed thermography with systemic inflammatory markers to stratify disease severity and prognosis in patients with chronic lower-limb ulcers. Methods: In this prospective observational study, 82 adults with chronic lower-limb ulcers underwent baseline infrared thermographic assessment of wound-bed temperature using a standardized protocol. Concurrently, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. The Thermal-Inflammatory Index was constructed as a standardized composite of inverted wound-bed temperature, NLR, and CRP. A simplified TI score (0-3) was derived using predefined clinical thresholds. The primary endpoint was a composite adverse outcome defined as amputation or failure to achieve complete wound healing within 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included a prolonged hospital stay (>7 days). Discriminative performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic analysis, and associations were examined using correlation and logistic regression models. Results: Higher TI values were associated with colder wound beds, elevated systemic inflammatory markers, and increased disease burden. The TI demonstrated moderate discrimination for the composite adverse outcome (AUC 0.75) and prolonged hospitalization (AUC 0.71), performing comparably to the strongest single component (-T_bed, AUC 0.77) while integrating local and systemic information. Each one-standard-deviation increase in TI was independently associated with higher odds of the composite adverse outcome and a prolonged hospital stay. The simplified TI score showed clear stepwise gradients in adverse outcomes and length of hospitalization. Conclusions: The Thermal-Inflammatory Index integrates thermographic and inflammatory signals into a single, clinically interpretable biomarker of severity and prognosis in chronic lower-limb ulcers. TI and the simplified TI score may support early risk stratification using low-cost, bedside-accessible data.

We read with great interest the paper by Zasada et al. [1] on body mass index (BMI), coronary physiological indices in intermediate lesions, and long-term survival in younger versus older

Artykuł ma charakter przeglądowo-refleksyjny i przedstawia problem edukacji włączającej – od podstaw prawnych, przez funkcjonowanie i adaptację dzieci ze specjalnymi potrzebami edukacyjnymi (SPE) w przedszkolu i szkole, aż po rolę nauczyciela i rodziców w procesie inkluzji. Na początku wyjaśniono termin „edukacja włączająca” i omówiono najważniejsze akty prawne z nią związane. Teoretyczne i praktyczne rozwiązania kształcenia inkluzyjnego zostały poddane analizie, ponieważ samo „włączanie” dziecka do grupy rówieśniczej w placówkach edukacyjnych nie oznacza jeszcze rzeczywistej inkluzji. Szczególnie, gdypojawiają się trudności związane z liczebnością klasy, przeciążeniem kadry, wygórowanymi oczekiwaniami w stosunku do kompetencji specjalistów, a także niewystarczającym wsparciem organizacyjnym. W pracy omówiono wybrane problemy w systemie kształcenia dzieci ze specjalnymi potrzebami edukacyjnymi. Skupiono się również na roli nauczycieli i specjalistóww kształceniu inkluzyjnym, a także współpracy z rodzicami dziecka. Rekomendacje wskazane w zakończeniu artykułu mogą pomóc w zrozumieniu i poprawie jakości działań prowadzonych w ramach edukacji włączającej.

Introduction & Aim: Sudden cardiac arrest remains a leading cause of mortality, with global survival rates remaining low. High-quality CPR characterized by adequate depth and minimal interruptions, is the cornerstone of survival. Manual CPR quality often declines due to rescuer fatigue and challenging environments. Mechanical chest compression devices (MCCDs) offer a potential solution to ensure consistent quality. This study aims to provide an overview of MCCDs available in the Polish Emergency Medical System, highlighting their advantages, limitations and applications, while evaluating their clinical effectiveness compared to manual CPR. Material and methods: The study consisted of a descriptive and comparative literature review, focusing on the technical data and clinical evidence (up to 2025) for the AutoPulse, LUCAS, and Corpuls CPR systems used in Poland. Data analysis included RCTS, cohort studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses evaluating MCCDs, utilizing PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Results: MCCDs ensure high-quality, uninterrupted compressions, particularly in challenging transport or specific scenarios, freeing up personnel for other tasks. Large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and recent meta-analyses demonstrate that MCCDs provide comparable survival outcomes to high-quality manual CPR, with survival rates ranging from 6.0% to 9.4%. However, MCCDs show a significant advantage in specialized scenarios - prolonged transport, catheterization labs, or as a bridge to advanced therapies like eCPR and extracorporeal life support. Conclusions: MCCDs are reliable alternatives for specific clinical situations. Although they involve higher costs and different injury patterns, the benefits of maintaining consistent CPR quality in conditions where manual compressions fail are measurable. Current guidelines recommend their use as a viable alternative in specific, difficult circumstances, rather than as a routine replacement for manual CPR.

Background: Haemodialysis (HD) superimposes additional circulatory stress on the microvasculature, leading to endothelial dysfunction, which plays a key role in the development of haemodialysis-associated multiorgan dysfunction. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of a single HD session on retinal and choroidal microcirculation, using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in relation to changes in the blood levels of selected biochemical modulators of endothelial function. Methods: The vessel density (VD) of 35 patients was evaluated before and after a single HD session, using OCTA in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP) and choriocapillaris (CC). Retinal thickness (RT) and choroidal thickness (CT) were also assessed. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, oxidative stress (OS) status and systemic parameters were assessed before and after a single HD session. The correlation between changes in these parameters and changes in selected OCTA parameters was tested. Results: A single HD session resulted in a significant increase in RT and a decrease in CT. In addition to increased oxidative and osmotic stress resulting from a significant reduction in plasma osmolality, the HD session was associated with a significant increase in ET-1 levels and a decrease in ADMA levels. These biochemical changes correlated with changes in RT and CT, as well as with changes in VD in the retinal capillary plexuses and the CC. Increased ET-1 levels and decreased plasma osmolality were identified as predictors of RT increase, whereas increased MDA levels corrected serum creatinine-predicted CT reduction. Conclusions: Changes in ADMA and ET-1 and OS, as well as osmotic stress induced by a single HD session, affect the eye microcirculation and morphology of the retina and choroid. OCTA examination is a promising method for assessing microcirculation in HD patients.

The mechanisms of aim-setting and decision-making in criminal activity as a four-level hierarchical structure were presented for the Russian criminals known as ‘vory v zakonie’. The first level represents a basic concept of saving one’s own life, borrowed from the Torah. The second level, the ‘Thieves’ Law’, is a set of mental models that has much in common with the adaptation and misinterpretation of old religious and legal systems. The third level is a set of general concepts and ideas about what Good or Evil is in the form of words called ‘Notions’. These levels have no material form; they reflect themselves in models of behaviour and argot as a collective output. The fourth level in the material form of page-long ‘secrete messages’, containing some models of behaviour, are the ‘Frames’ (how to behave in imprisonment), wherein the ‘Vory’s Commandments’ (how to behave at large for young criminals) do not belong to the criminal ideology. This criminal ideology, a discrete antisystem, is enriched by the three ideas found in old religious and legal systems proposed as the ‘fifth feeling of Time’: the memory of the soul in the endless time being awoken after reincarnation, making the past as if it never happened, and knowing the future.