Japan Patent Office

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is one of the most toxic mycotoxins contaminating animal feed, and bentonite clays are widely used as adsorbents to reduce its bioavailability. This study introduces and characterizes a new, previously unexplored bentonite deposit from Bijelo Polje (Bar, Montenegro), with ~55% montmorillonite in the raw material. Size fractions (<0.200 mm, <0.037 mm, <0.005 mm) were obtained by sieving and centrifugation and characterized by laser diffraction, chemical composition, BET, CEC, and quantitative XRD (Rietveld). In vitro AFB1 adsorption (2–50 ppm, pH 3.0, 0.02% w/v adsorbent) simulated monogastric gastrointestinal conditions. Progressive size reduction increased smectite content (from ~55% to 91%), CEC (44–70 meq/100 g), purity, and BET specific surface area (26.5–50.8 m2/g), while reducing impurities and heavy metals to undetectable levels. The finest fraction (<0.005 mm) achieved the highest maximum adsorption capacity (qmax ≈ 240 mg/g), attributed to enhanced surface homogeneity and site accessibility, significantly outperforming coarser fractions and most unmodified natural bentonites. Only the <0.005 mm fraction fully complies with EU regulatory requirements (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1060/2013) for AFB1-binding feed additives (≥70% dioctahedral smectite, >90% binding, low quartz/calcite). These results demonstrate that simple mechanical fractionation can yield exceptional performance in a novel natural raw material, offering a cost-effective, sustainable alternative to chemical modification for mycotoxin mitigation.

• Paper Title : Can oil gravity-based platforms be converted into viable oscillating water columns? A preliminary hydrodynamic study. • Conversion of oil platforms into oscillating water columns for energy is assessed. • Systematic parameter study conducted using analytical models and CFD simulations. • Peak efficiency achieved under resonance conditions and longer wave periods. • Increased OWC opening size improves WEC efficiency, within structural limits. • Initial 2D assessment shows competitive power conversion ratio (CWR). Wave energy converters (WECs) offer a sustainable solution to produce electricity without greenhouse gas emission. This study examines a patented WEC design, utilizing decommissioned gravity-based structures with oscillating water column (OWC) principles. The design involves creating holes in the concrete cylindrical structure, causing water levels to oscillate and drive a bidirectional turbine to generate electricity. To assess energy potential, specific platforms were selected, and wave energy availability was evaluated using the NORA-10 hindcast. The efficiency of the energy conversion is estimated assuming a single opening, long-crested waves, and simplifying the geometry as two dimensional. This allows a systematic, careful study of the relevant wave-body parameters and paves the way for more realistic three-dimensional investigations of the concept. A three-step strategy was employed. First, two linear potential-flow semi-analytical solutions examined the effects of size and submergence of the opening, respectively, on 1) the wave transmission and on 2) the WEC efficiency. The latter approach incorporated the turbine characteristics and was obtained adapting the solution by Evans and Porter (1995) to the present scenario using specific eigenfunctions from Porter (1995) to define the spatial velocity potential. Then, CFD simulations were examined using an open-source solver within the OpenFOAM platform, neglecting turbulence and the damping effects of the turbine. Occurrence of resonance phenomena for the internal water was examined, both within the potential-flow and the real-flow scenario; in the latter case, information from air-water interface and local real-flow features complemented the analysis. The studies within linear regular waves were used as basis to estimate the WEC efficiency as a function of WEC parameters and wave period, as well as extracted power and energy within long-term analyses for a selected platform column. Turbine influence has also been examined. Based on the results, the proposed WEC concept is potentially a competitive candidate but it is expected that the 2D simplification is optimistic and simple estimations suggest that, in realistic 3D scenarios, more holes would be needed to ensure similar performance levels.

Abstract Background Perianal Crohn’s disease (pCD) is a challenging form of Crohn’s disease, which includes both fistulising and non-fistulising features, such as anorectal stricture, skin tags and erosive disease (1). Whilst non-fistulising pCD (nfpCD) can result in a significant disease burden for patients, these features are under-recognised in clinical practice, current guidelines and clinical research relating to pCD (2,3). Informed by a review of existing classification systems, this study aimed to develop a novel classification system to guide identification and management of non-fistulising pCD. Methods Following a systematic review to identify existing classification systems, a modified nominal group technique expert consensus process was used to develop a novel classification system for non-fistulising pCD. This process involved several phases including ideas generation, clarification of ideas, several rounds of voting and patient and public involvement (PPI). Results Twenty-two existing classification systems for non-fistulising pCD were identified, the majority (18/22, 88%) of which focused on categorising non-fistulising pCD. Participating panellists included multidisciplinary experts from the TOpClass consortium, with representation from 10 countries. The initial round of voting established a need for a novel classification system (n = 18 89% [A+], 11% [A]), and passed a number of statements relating to the content of the classification. The final classification structure was passed with 100% consensus (n = 27, 93%,[A+], 7% [A]) (Figure 1). The final statements to accompany the classification were passed with a mean 98% consensus (n = 28, 80% [A+], 18% [A]) (Table 1). The novel structure classifies nfpCD according to the presence of stricturing disease, erosive disease and skin tags with severity ranging from minimal symptoms (Class 1) to severe symptoms requiring defunctioning ostomy (Class 2c), proctectomy (Class 3) or perineal symptoms after proctectomy (Class 4). The structure complements the existing TOpClass classification for fistulising pCD, to enable classification of patients with both fistulising and non-fistulising features of pCD. The classification system incorporates patient goals and symptom burden, and introduces a number of novel concepts, such as velocity and destruction to provide a clinically useful framework. Conclusion This expert consensus has developed a dynamic, comprehensive and patient-focused system for optimising the classification of patients with non-fistulising pCD for clinical and research use. Further validation in prospective cohorts is planned to ensure clinical applicability.

The assets-based feeding help before and after birth (ABA-feed) intervention aims to improve breastfeeding rates by offering proactive peer support to first-time mothers, regardless of feeding intention. Based on behaviour change theory and an assets-based approach, the intervention involved training existing peer supporters to become infant feeding helpers (IFHs). A train-the-trainer model was used, with coordinators delivering four 2-h training sessions to IFHs. Training covered a study overview, IFH role, role-play scenarios and signposting to local assets. Due to COVID-19, training was delivered online. Post-training questionnaires were completed by 22/30 (73.3%) coordinators and 119/193 (61.7%) IFHs, and qualitative interviews were conducted with 24 coordinators and 72 IFHs. Researchers observed training at five sites, assessing fidelity, engagement and delivery quality. Questionnaire data were analysed descriptively, and qualitative data were analysed using framework analysis. Findings indicated that coordinators valued the train-the-trainer model, particularly information on formula feeding and antenatal discussions. IFHs found training engaging and felt prepared, though some were apprehensive about formula feeding support. While online training was convenient, challenges included monitoring discussions and role-play in breakout rooms. Most participants favoured a hybrid approach, with in-person sessions for interactive activities. Observations showed high training fidelity, participant engagement and confidence in delivering intervention components. The ABA-feed training was acceptable to coordinators and IFHs and was delivered with fidelity. Future training should adopt a hybrid approach, incorporating diverse resources and prioritising in-person interactive components such as role-play. Trial Registration: ISRCTN17395671.

Drones are now being used to deliver Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Delays occur before (between emergency call and drone take-off) and after drone flight itself (related to bystander interaction with drone/AED). The emergency call-handler may have an important role in helping bystanders retrieve and use an AED. Following an emergency (999) call for simulated out-of-hospital cardiac arrests, a remote drone was activated and made autonomous Beyond Visual Line of Sight flights to the scene. Real-time communications between drone operator and call-handler allowed participants to receive updates about drone progress. Outcomes included hands-off CPR time, time away from patient's side retrieving the AED, time from emergency call to start of drone flight, and time from drone arrival to AED shock. We used video-recording, emergency-call audio and post-simulation interviews to gather additional information about participants' experiences. We conducted 11 single bystander simulations and successfully delivered an AED on 9 occasions. It took (median) 2:18min (interquartile range, IQR 2:13-2:38min) from emergency call to drone take-off, and a further 4:35min (3:39-4:46min) once the drone had arrived on scene until first shock. Hands-off CPR time was 2:32min (2:01-2:46min); 0:16min (0:13-0:21min) of this was spent retrieving the AED. Bystanders retrieved the AED safely and interacted well with the drone, but often struggled with AED use. We demonstrated effective real-time communication during simulations. Drone start-up procedures were quick but there were delays once the drone arrived on scene. Bystanders and call-handlers need more support to effectively use drone-delivered AEDs.

Coxa valga, measured as the neck-shaft angle (NSA) or head-shaft angle (HSA), is regarded as a potential risk factor for hip dislocation in patients with cerebral palsy. We investigated the effects of a novel hip brace on coxa valga. A prospective, multicenter, assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted from July 2019 to November 2021. Children with cerebral palsy aged 1 to 10 years with Gross Motor Function Classification System levels IV and V were recruited. The study group wore a hip brace for at least 12 hour a day. A lower strap of the hip brace was designed to prevent coxa valga biomechanically. The effectiveness of the hip brace on coxa valga was assessed by measurement of the NSA and head-shaft angle at enrollment and 6 and 12 months after enrollment. Sixty-six participants were enrolled, and 33 patients were assigned to each group. Changes in the mean NSA of both sides and the NSA of left side showed significant differences between the 2 groups over 12 months (mean NSA of both sides, -1.12 ± 3.64 in the study group and 1.43 ± 3.75 in the control group, P = .023; NSA of the left side, -1.72 ± 5.38 in the study group and 2.01 ± 5.22 in the control group, P = .008). The hip brace was effective in preventing the progression of coxa valga and hip displacement, suggesting that the prevention of coxa valga using hip brace is a contributing factor in prevention of hip displacement.

Abstract Novel selective [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions between in situ formed nonstabilized azomethine ylide generated from N‐benzyl‐1‐methoxy‐N‐((trimethylsilyl)methyl)methanamine enabled by Lewis acids and bioactive molecules isothiazol‐3(2H)‐ones have been developed. The reaction selectively afforded novel thiazolidines or cyclo‐fused oxazolidinones depending on Lewis acid catalyst system of reaction used.

To identify the needs, experiences and preferences of women with kidney disease in relation to their reproductive health to inform development of shared decision-making interventions. UK-wide mixed-methods convergent design (Sep 20-Aug 21). Online questionnaire (n = 431) with validated components. Purposively sampled semi-structured interviews (n = 30). Patient and public input throughout. Kidney disease was associated with defeminization, negatively affecting current (sexual) relationships and perceptions of future life goals. There was little evidence that shared decision making was taking place. Unplanned pregnancies were common, sometimes influenced by poor care and support and complicated systems. Reasons for (not) wanting children varied. Complicated pregnancies and miscarriages were common. Women often felt that it was more important to be a "good mother" than to address their health needs, which were often unmet and unrecognized. Impacts of pregnancy on disease and options for alternates to pregnancy were not well understood. The needs and reproductive priorities of women are frequently overshadowed by their kidney disease. High-quality shared decision-making interventions need to be embedded as routine in a feminized care pathway that includes reproductive health. Research is needed in parallel to examine the effectiveness of interventions and address inequalities. We do not fully understand the expectations, needs, experiences and preferences of women with kidney disease for planning and starting a family or deciding not to have children. Women lack the knowledge, resources and opportunities to have high-quality conversations with their healthcare professionals. Decisions are highly personal and related to a number of health, social and cultural factors; individualized approaches to care are essential. Healthcare services need to be redesigned to ensure that women are able to make informed choices about pregnancy and alternative routes to becoming a parent. The original proposal for this research came from listening to the experiences of women in clinic who reported unmet needs and detailed experiences of their pregnancies (positive and negative). A patient group was involved in developing the funding application and helped to refine the objectives by sharing their experiences. Two women who are mothers living with kidney disease were co-opted as core members of the research team. We hosted an interim findings event and invited patients and wider support services (adoption, fertility, surrogacy, education and maternal chronic kidney disease clinics) from across the UK to attend. We followed the UK national standards for patient and public involvement throughout.