Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University

Chikku Kolam is a traditional floor art practiced even today in states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and parts of Karnataka and Kerala. Chikku kolam emerges as a more complex form of simple rangoli patterns that are seen in different parts of the Indian subcontinent. Known with different names such as Alpana in West Bengal, Aipan in Bihar, Mandana in Rajasthan etc these patterns mostly follow simple geometric principles of symmetry, radial expansion and mirroring while highlighting a central focal point. The designs seen in these rangoli are mostly floral or nature inspired designs. In Chikku Kolam of the South Indian states, the designs become more complex making use of geometry and mathematics such as grids, algorithms and fractal expansions. The patterns also take a complex form where a single line is looped around a predetermined dotted grid in a predetermined path. The patterns are so complex that once it is made it becomes impossible to pinpoint the start and end of the loop giving rise to a pattern described as the endless knot. Yet the patterns are limitless and with their own symbolism and meaning and have various designs for different occasions and rituals. This age old art form though has been widely studied by enthusiastic mathematicians and computer program developers for understanding algorithms, computation and mathematical permutations and combinations, these gridded and looped patterns have immense potential to be explored in a 3 dimensional form hence creating an interesting scope of study. By using modern 3d software and programs these traditional patterns can be extruded into 3d forms creating exciting forms which could be applied in various disciplines such as architecture, installation art, product design etc. This research paper aims to look at these chikku kolam patterns with a modern appreciation yet retain the cultural heritage that these patterns hold so strongly since ages.

In contrast to other spatial perceptions, why do architects prefer to design, map, and depict the visual? In addition to the visible, immaterial, and intangible aspects of space, architecture also addresses the minimal qualities that exist between the solid and the fluid as well as the ambiguous materiality of sound and smell. The human touch and multi-sensorial connection are what make the experience more intense.Today's building envelopes are made of tactile boundaries and visually perceptible borders that are an abstraction of the human body. This relies on vision, smell, and touch. For example, improving one's sense of smell may improve the perception of the surroundings. This is particularly intriguing because it emphasizes the significance of this sense and serves as a reminder of the possibility of sensory-sensitive information that is responsive and environment-adaptive.Individuals have different sensory perceptions of odours, just as different people have different needs for ambient and appropriate temperatures in a location. Although each person subjectively interprets these and responds differently, an individual instantaneously receives this information of change in the environment when any of the three aspects of scent, namely flow, intensity, or duration, are disturbed or augmented.Based on the methods used to acquire smell, data can be divided into four basic categories: observational, experimental, simulational, and generated. The intensity of a smell also fluctuates according to how far it is from its source, which will gradually wither away as time and distance pass. The study would help establish a parallel between smell and colour preferences. Researching if people’s preferences for colour and smell can be classified based on fixed parameters. McLean et al. (2018), pp 9-19Humans, however, can identify millions of distinct odours just by using their nose's smell receptors. So, it's an intriguing idea to incorporate smells into the process of designing a space. Although fragrances themselves cannot be represented visually and their ability to transport us to a different place and time cannot be demonstrated, they are nonetheless essential components of a setting that makes us feel at ease and at home.

The emission from transportation sectors is identified to contribute to air pollution and the same has brought electric mobility as an emerging solution to the problem. Electric mobility has yet to become a mainstream option for India’s vast population in terms of transportation, making it critical to understand people’s attitudes and preferences in choosing Electric Vehicles (EVs) over the convention once. Therefore, to understand the perceptions and factors which influence the adoption, a study is conducted in the area of Gwalior City. Some of the most influencing factors were selected from the literature study. And then a questionnaire was designed, where Intermediate Public Transport (IPT) operators were asked to choose on a scale of 1 to 5 (where 1 is highly important 5 beings I don’t know situations). Top influential factors like Purchase cost, Operation, and maintenance cost (O&M cost) were getting in this article, Vehicle capacity and battery swapping facility were found as the main influencing factors for Electric Vehicle adoption. A discrete choice model is used to generate utility equations. This was done for two operators of Intermediate Public Transport in Gwalior which are 4-Seater and 8-Seater respectively. Binomial regression analysis gave the utility values of selected factors, which the operators consider before adopting the Electric Vehicle. The results of the research will be helpful in understanding operators/drivers of Intermediate Public Transport, especially in the Intermediate Public Transport market. Results will help planners and policymakers to make sound decisions.

<em>An integrated circuit, sometimes known as a monolithic integrated circuit, is a set of electrical circuits on a single compact flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, usually silicon. A compact chip has a large number of tiny MOSFETs (metal–</em><em>oxide</em><em>–</em><em>semiconductor field</em><em>–effect transistors). As a result, circuits created with discrete electrical components are orders of magnitude smaller, quicker, and less expensive. Because of the IC's mass production capability, dependability, and building-block approach to integrated circuit design, standardized ICs have quickly replaced discrete transistor designs. ICs have transformed the world of electronics by being employed in practically every electronic equipment. Computers, cellphones, and other digital home gadgets have become inextricably linked to the structure of modern civilizations, thanks to the small size and low cost of integrated circuits (ICs) like modern computer processors and microcontrollers. </em>

The calculation of carbon dioxide (CO2) intensities can be employed to see the quality of indoor air and ventilation. The studies undertaken till date have been distorted. The current study summaries the association amongst carbon dioxide and building air quality and ventilation, with carbon dioxide being the marker to evaluate air quality and ventilation performance. High carbon dioxide intensities may show insufficient ventilation per occupant and high indoor contaminants intensities, resulting in the Sick Building Syndrome (SBI) Symptoms. The researcher assessed the literature related to indoor air quality (IAQ), ventilation, and building-linked health issues in schools linked to CO2 discharges and recognised general indicated building-linked well-being signs found in schools. A high rise in the ventilation rate or enhancement in ventilation efficacy and/or indoor contaminant source regulation would be anticipated to reduce the occurrence of chosen signs to its optimum.