John Templeton Foundation

Dynamical models of planet formation coupled with cosmochemical data from martian meteorites show that Mars’ isotopic composition is distinct from that of Earth. Reconciliation of formation models with meteorite data require that Mars grew further from the Sun than its present position. Here, we evaluate this compositional difference in more detail by comparing output from twoN-body planet formation models. The first of these planet formation models simulates what is termed the “Classical” case wherein Jupiter and Saturn are kept in their current orbits. We compare these results with another model based on the “Grand Tack”, in which Jupiter and Saturn migrate through the primordial asteroid belt. Our estimate of the average fraction of chondrite assembled into Earth and Mars assumes that the initial solid disk consists of only sources of enstatite chondrite composition in the inner region, and ordinary chondrite in the outer region. Results of these analyses show that both models tend to yield Earth and Mars analogues whose accretion zones overlap. The Classical case fares better in forming Mars with its documented composition (29–68% enstatite chondrite plus 32–67% ordinary chondrite) though the Mars analogues are generally too massive. However, if we include the restriction of mass on the Mars analogues, the Classical model does not work better. We also further calculate the isotopic composition of17O,50Ti,54Cr,142Nd,64Ni, and92Mo in the martian mantle from the Grand Tack simulations. We find that it is possible to match the calculated isotopic composition of all the above elements in Mars’ mantle with their measured values, but the resulting uncertainties are too large to place good restriction on the early dynamical evolution and birth place of Mars.

This book is part of a two-part program focused on the broad theme of “biochemistry and fine-tuning.” Fitness of the Cosmos for Life began with a symposium held at Harvard University in October 2003 in honor of the 90th anniversary of the publication of Lawrence J. Henderson's The Fitness of the Environment. The symposium was an interdisciplinary, exploratory research meeting of scientists and other scholars that served as a stimulus for the creative thinking process used in developing the content of this book. The chapters in this volume were developed following the symposium and take advantage of the rich technical and interdisciplinary exchange of ideas that occurred during the in-person discussions.

The authors conducted an electronic search of the Medline database for articles measuring family satisfaction. Content analysis was then performed on the relevant studies to determine the types of themes included in scales measuring family satisfaction in healthcare settings. The authors used these themes to develop a scale for measuring the effectiveness of pastoral care with family members. A convenience sample of chaplains that was asked to judge the usefulness of each of the scale items, rated them all, on average, to be "somewhat useful" to "very useful" for evaluating chaplains' effectiveness. The value of the scale is discussed in terms of its being a more outcome-oriented measure of effectiveness compared to typical family satisfaction instruments.

The Science and Ultimate Reality program began with the symposium Science and Ultimate Reality: Celebrating the Vision of John Archibald Wheeler, held March 15–18, 2002 in Princeton, New Jersey, USA. The members of the Program Oversight Committee and the four Program Development Committees, many of whom are contributors to this volume, are listed below.