Kanto Gakuen University

The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of local community power on green tourism (after this, abbreviated as GT). The analytical features were as follows; First, we derived the concept of local community power from "agricultural village activity," "local activity", and "regional support," to describe the degree of cooperation and collaboration among people who use local resources related to agriculture. Second, a theoretical model for the impact of local community power on GT was developed and analyzed. Third, a covariance structure analysis was conducted on the relationships between local community power and GT using data from the 2015 agricultural census. Results of the analysis revealed that local community power has a positive impact on green tourism.

The Zero Lower Bound (ZLB) on short nominal interest rates has imposed serious constraint on stimulating and stabilizing economy of major central banks. Analysis of monetary policy by Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models under the existence of ZLB has also been an important issue from both practical and academic views for central banks and macroeconomists. However, the nonlinearity of ZLB constraint makes linear solution and estimation techniques of DSGE models unreliable and impractical. In many recent empirical works, it has been proved that the shadow rate can be used as an accurate proxy to represent the stance of unconventional monetary policy in the ZLB environment. We use shadow rate to estimate a medium-scale DSGE model based on the theoretical foundation proposed by Wu and Zhang (2016). A shadow rate New Keynesian model (No. w22856). National Bureau of Economic Research, and conduct counterfactual simulation exercises to quantify the macroeconomic effects of unconventional monetary policy implemented by Bank of Japan (BoJ). Compared with the estimation results of pre-ZLB sub-sample (1980Q1–1998Q4), the structural parameters estimated from full-sample (1980Q1–2016Q3) with the shadow rate still have very reasonable values that are consistent with most related medium-scale DSGE literature. The statistical properties of model dynamics implied by two groups of estimation are also very close. Counterfactual simulation shows that without the unconventional monetary policy, macroeconomic variables would have worse performance than their actual realizations.

Heterogeneous rectangular dissections are frequently used in information processing such as multiple paged books in spread sheet languages and multi-layer image data. In previous studies, a hexadecimal grid graph model was proposed for multilayer rectangular dissections and certain algorithms were provided. In this paper, we propose a 16-ary list structure to implement their algorithms for the hexadecimal grid graph model. The list structure has limited number of fields in a record, so the computation time is low. Furthermore, it has one record for each node in the given hexadecimal grid, and 48 fields for each record. We also show a data format of the whole structure of the list.