Karachaevo-Cherkessk State University

This article attempts to systematically examine the state and prospects for the development of cooperation between Russia and Turkey in various areas of high technologies in the complex geopolitical conditions of the 21st century, taking into account the national interests of Ankara and Moscow.

Modeling of ion transport in a three-layer system containing an ion-exchange membrane and two adjacent diffusion layers makes it possible to describe the permselectivity of the membrane by determining its fixed charge density. For theoretical analysis of ion transport in such systems, the Nernst–Planck and Poisson equations are widely used. The article shows that, in the galvanodynamic mode of operation of the membrane system when the density of the flowing current is specified, the Poisson equation in the ion transport model can be replaced by the equation for the displacement current. A new model is constructed in the form of a boundary value problem for the system of the Nernst–Planck and displacement current equations, based on which the concentrations of ions, electric field strength, space charge density, and chronopotentiogram of the ion-exchange membrane and adjacent diffusion layers in a direct current mode are numerically calculated. The calculation results of the proposed model are in a good agreement with the results of the modeling based on the previously described approach using the Nernst–Planck and Poisson equations as well as with the analytical assessment of the transition time. It is shown that, in the case of the three-layer geometry of the problem, the required accuracy of the numerical calculation using the proposed model is achieved with a smaller number of computational mesh elements and takes less (about 26.7-fold for the system parameters under consideration) processor time in comparison with the model based on the Nernst–Planck and Poisson equations.

Массоперенос в электромембранных системах в режимах интенсивного тока сопровождается возникновением дополнительных механизмов переноса, которые существенно влияют на эффективность их функционирования. Согласно современным представлениям для разбавленных растворов электролитов среди таких механизмов особенно важными являются электроконвекция и реакции диссоциации/рекомбинации молекул воды. Эти процессы оказывают противоположное действие на эффективность электромембранных технологий. В исследованиях мембранных систем активно применяются математические модели, учитывающие влияние указанных механизмов, однако они обычно описывают только потенциодинамический режим, при котором устанавливается скачок потенциала в системе. Для интерпретации обширной базы экспериментальных данных по гальванодинамическому режиму (при фиксированной плотности тока) также необходимы инструменты теоретического анализа. Цель данной работы заключается в разработке математической модели массопереноса в слое раствора электролита у ионообменной мембраны с учетом электроконвекции и диссоциации воды в гальванодинамическом режиме. Модель основана на системе связанных уравнений Нернста-Планка-Пуассона-Навье-Стокса, дополненной новым гальванодинамическим граничным условием для потенциала. С использованием разработанной модели впервые рассчитаны хронопотенциограммы мембранной системы с учетом влияния как электроконвекции, так и реакции диссоциации/рекомбинации молекул воды. Результаты показали, что отношение концентрации продуктов диссоциации воды к концентрации ионов соли определяет баланс эффектов электроконвекции и диссоциации. Рассмотрены следующие варианты соотношения эффектов электроконвекции и диссоциации молекул воды: 1) значимое влияние на массоперенос оказывает электроконвекция, в то время как влияние диссоциации воды минимально; 2) электроконвекция и диссоциация существенно влияют на процессы переноса: образование дополнительных носителей заряда в результате диссоциации молекул воды снижает скачок потенциала в слое раствора электролита, что уменьшает интенсивность электроконвекции, в то время как развитие электроконвекции, в свою очередь, замедляет процесс диссоциации; 3) продукты интенсивной диссоциации молекул воды тормозят развитие электроконвекции.

У карачаевцев сохранились предания и легенды, связанные со вторжениями крымских татар. Наше внимание привлек фольклорный рассказ, посвященный одному из эпизодов этого противостояния. Он известен в трех различных вариантах. Центральным для сюжета во всех случаях выступает термин «Марджа» и мотив о заступничестве небесного покровителя. Термин знаком многим народам Северного Кавказа. Содержание рассказа указывает на его возникновение до начала активной исламизации карачаевцев, т.е. до середины – конца XVIII в. Анализ всех трех версий позволяет отнести их к жанру преданий. Использование фольклорных и нефольклорных аргументов позволяет с высокой степенью вероятности говорить о том, что битва могла быть в действительности. В то же время использование различных методов изучение фольклорных текстов позволило установить, что в рассматриваемых записях имеются заимствования из других преданий, отметить процессы, которые происходили с фольклорным текстом при его заимствовании близкородственными карачаевцам балкарцами. The Karachais have preserved traditions and legends associated with the invasions of the Crimean Tatars. Our attention was drawn to a folklore story associated with one of the episodes of this confrontation. It is known in three different variants. Central to the plot in all cases is the term “Marja” and the motif of the intercession of a heavenly patron. The term is familiar to many peoples of the North Caucasus. The content of the story indicates its occurrence before the beginning of the active Islamization of the Karachais, i.e. until the middle-end of the 18th century. Analysis of all three versions allows us to attribute them to the genre of legends. The use of folklore and non-folklore arguments allows us to say with a high degree of probability that the battle could have happened in reality. At the same time, the use of various methods of studying folklore texts made it possible to establish that in the records under consideration there are borrowings from other legends, to note some of the processes that occurred with the folklore text when it was borrowed by the Balkars, closely related to the Karachais.

This article analyzes the essence of social competence and the features of its formation in the process of obtaining a university education. Conditions are put forward that promote the development of the components of social competence. It is proposed to consider the possibility of organizing problem-based and socio-psychological education.

At present, it is customary to consider the overlimit operating modes of electromembrane systems to be effective, and electroconvection as the main mechanism of overlimiting transfer. The breakdown of the space charge is a negative, “destructive” phenomenon, since after the breakdown the size and number of electroconvective vortices are significantly reduced, which leads to a decrease in mass transfer. Therefore, electromembrane desalination processes must be carried out before space charge breakdown occurs. Thus, the actual problem arises of determining at which potential jumps a breakdown of the space charge occurs at a given concentration of the solution. Electromembrane systems are used for desalination at electrolyte solution concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 mol/m. In a theoretical study of increasing the efficiency of the desalination process, mathematical modeling is used in the form of a boundary value problem for the system of Nernst–Planck and Poisson (NPP) equations, which refers to “hard” problems that are difficult to solve numerically. This is caused by the appearance of a small parameter at the derivative in the Poisson equation in a dimensionless form, and, correspondingly, a boundary layer at ion-exchange membranes, where concentrations and other characteristics of the desalination process change exponentially. It is for this reason that the numerical study of the boundary value problem is currently obtained for initial concentrations of the order of 0.01 mol/m. The paper proposes a new numerical–analytical method for solving boundary value problems for the system of Nernst–Planck and Poisson equations for real initial concentrations, using which the phenomenon of space charge breakdown (SCB) in the cross section of the desalination channel in potentiostatic and potentiodynamic modes is studied. The main regularities of the appearance and interaction of charge waves, up to their destruction (breakdown), are established. A simple formula is proposed for engineering calculations of the potential jump depending on the concentration of the solution, at which the breakdown of the space charge begins.

The article presents the essence of parliamentary immunity in the system of local self-government.

5.2.2, 5.2.4, 5.2.5) УДК 330.44 МЕТОДЫ РЕШЕНИЯ БАЛАНСОВОЙ МОДЕЛИ ЗАО «ФОТОН»Асхакова Ф.Х., Лайпанова З.М., Мамчуев A.M. ФГБОУ ВО «Карачаево-Черкесский государственный университет имени У.Д. Алиева»,Карачаевск, e-mail:

The paper analyzes personality development in conditions of social and cultural environment. It is noted, that a central factor in ethnic and cultural development of a person is acquiring methods of communication and interaction with the world formed during acquisition of cultural experience and based upon mastering a set of cultural means of one's people. It has being emphasized that the process of personality development depends on specific historic conditions, as well as on belonging to a certain ethnic group, as the most important condition for formation and development of humane qualities in a human are social experience and social environment The following key categories of traditional Chechen and Karachay cultures were analyzed as they define intellectual, emotional, will-based and spiritual development of personality: khetam (consciousness), kh'ek'al (mind), adamalla (humaneness), nokhchalla (Chechen essence), k'onakhalla (courage), sobar (patience), do'nalla (will), tabig'at (nature), oyun (game), sez (word), din (religion). A conclusion is drawn that personal socialization is an integral continuous process accompanying a person through their life; through all the stages of socialization, social and cultural context is important and human development is impossible outside of native culture. Ethnic cultural values have been identified that facilitate development of a moral person capable of adequate perception of the multicultural world, while inter-cultural and inter-ethnic interactions typical of Russian society shall take into account ethnic specifics of various peoples inhabiting Russia.

The article analysed the long-term data from 2001-2015, presented by the hydraulic structures’ observation post, and the Belogorsk Reservoir and the 2016-2017 study conducted by the Hydraulic Structures Safety Engineering Consulting Center on multi-factor surveys and in-kind data analysis with their reliability assessment. As a hydraulic structures visual survey result, their structures and nodes, a defective statement is drawn up, which reflects defects, the hydraulic structures safe operation damages and violations According to the defective statement, as well as the facilities condition monitoring study results, it can be concluded that the hydraulic structures overall technical condition is assessed as satisfactory.