Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology

This systematic literature review examines the role of Green Intellectual Capital (GIC) in fostering organizational innovation, synthesizing insights from 72 empirical studies published between 2010 and 2025. GIC, comprising Green Human Capital (GHC), Green Structural Capital (GSC), and Green Relational Capital (GRC), is increasingly recognized as a strategic intangible asset that contributes to sustainable innovation and competitive advantage. Using the PRISMA framework, this review analyzes trends in publication, methodological choices, regional and sectoral contexts, and theoretical applications. The findings reveal a growing but different research landscape, characterized by an over-reliance on cross-sectional quantitative methods, a concentration in Asian manufacturing sectors, and limited integration of digital technologies or diverse innovation outcomes. Thematic analysis confirms that each GIC component plays a distinct yet interdependent role in supporting green product, process, and administrative innovations. However, significant gaps remain in the integration of theory, contextual diversity, and methodological rigor. This review offers a future research agenda that emphasizes longitudinal studies, digital GIC, underexplored contexts such as SMEs and the public sector, and performance-linked innovation models. Theoretically, the study calls for combining RBV and KBV with stakeholder and dynamic capabilities perspectives. Practically, it provides a blueprint for firms and policymakers to strategically develop GIC as a driver of environmental innovation. This review advances scholarly discourse by establishing GIC as a core capability in the transition toward green and innovation-driven business models.

How an international airline can converts constant disruptions into competitive advantage? Prior research on airline resilience studies either hardened contingency systems or passenger’s safety, but rarely integrated these perceptions. This research study employed with a sequential model research design to demonstrate that enduring resilience depends upon the interactions of structural architecture and passenger mind‐sets. We conducted a field study of Pakistan International Airlines’ Emergency Response Centre and frontline operations using survey questionnaire to get information of flows and crisis routines. The study uncovered multiple structural gaps; antiquated playbooks, fragmented real‐time data, ad‐hoc stakeholder shareholder’s communication and weak learning loops that collectively hinder operational recovery. Building on these findings, we deployed a quantitative survey of crisis‐experienced passengers and analyzed the data with partial‐least‐squares modeling. The results revealed that self‐efficacy and self‐control jointly mitigates crisis‐induced distress. However, when self‐efficacy rises beyond a threshold, it can undermine self‐control under acute disruption, indicating that data‐driven reassurance must be paired with behavioral reinforcement rather than stand alone. Together, these insights yields a dual‐path model of aviation resilience, structural redundancy via technology‐enabled contingency planning & psychological redundancy via passenger empowerment. Practically, this study shows how PIA can link AI‐driven disruption dashboards with low‐cost digital “efficacy nudges” (e.g., pre‐flight micro‐briefings and adaptive chatbot coping scripts), delivering rapid resilience gains while longer‐term fleet and systems upgrades proceed. By demonstrating when robust data systems and human judgment reinforce, rather than crowd out each other, the study advances crisis‐management theory and offers an actionable playbook for airlines operating in resource‐constrained, high‐instability environments.

The urgency of climate change and environmental degradation has placed sustainability at the top of global policy, research, and industry agendas. Of the many routes organizations can take to approach this issue, placing true efficiency in embedding environmental values into recruitment, training, employee engagement, and performance appraisal mechanisms has become an important aspect through Green Human Resource Management (GHRM). In conventional HR models that heavily emphasize productivity and profitability, GHRM develops working forces with ecological objectives by turning employees into conscious collaborators in developing environmental responsibility. The growing immediacy of integrating sustainability in high-impact industries of developing economies inspires this study with a particular focus on the service sector, like airlines in Pakistan. The aviation industry negatively contributes to the global CO² emissions, leading to global warming and ozone layer thinning. GHRM practices can be adopted to reduce carbon footprints, support corporate social responsibility (CSR), and promote corporate environmental responsibility (CER). However, much of the existing research on aviation management remains focused on customer loyalty, operational efficiency, and financial performance, leaving a notable gap in research that links human resource strategies to environmental outcomes. Using contemporary literature and other global initiatives, for example, the Paris Agreement, this paper discusses how GHRM can be both strategic and operational in sustaining the transport, hospitality, tourism, and aviation sectors of Pakistan. Further, it also discusses awareness at what level (micro-level or individual level), through employee selection, training, and performance management systems, is attained when these systems are designed or implemented through a green lens. Behavioral change-informing behavior changes to achieve long-term environmental objectives addresses organizational constraints of cost implications of low awareness, and a tendency toward greenwashing, inhibiting its proper implementation. This research seeks to make a theoretical contribution by widening the discussion of GHRM in the context of developing economies, besides making an actual contribution through implementable recommendations for HR practitioners, policymakers, and industry stakeholders. Hence, it brings out that GHRM is not a supplementary strategy but rather a core approach through which productivity and environmental responsibility can be institutionalized within the same framework, supporting the larger global mission of climate change and a sustainable future.

The objectives of the study are to identify the Factors of Airline Selection. Objective of Study: It is also the objective of this study to determine if Passenger Satisfaction acts as a moderator between Pricing and Airline selection. Convenience sampling was applied to achieve the sample. This paper examines the determining factors that influence passengers' levels of satisfaction and their choice of airlines in international air travel, contrasted with a total airline selection at the destination airport. The model also incorporates the relationship between core service dimensions (assurance, customization, available facilities, and employee efforts) and perceived pricing as hypothesised to impact passenger satisfaction, followed by airline choice. The present study also suggests that national identity (as reflected in the airport environmental cues) can moderate the influence of the physical environment on passengers’ emotional responses and coping behavior. The findings enhance the understanding of service process dynamics at airports, and thereby discuss potential actions for airport authorities and airline operators to improve customer service. Practice and limitations, and future research directions are discussed.

Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand countries have half of the trade in the group of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members. An agreement has increased the importance of trade coalition without the US dollar among them. To understand the pattern of the Stock Traded in these countries, this study developed ample fuzzy time series foretelling models. An innovative data transformation approach called compositional data is employed. The Fuzzy Time series models are implemented with different orders of fuzzy logical relationships. The Trapezoidal and Spline S-shaped membership functions are engaged in these models. The performance of forecasting is evaluated through the compositional root mean square error (CRMSE) and compositional mean absolute percentage error (CMAPE). The analysis of forecasted accuracy measurements showed that the Third-Order Fuzzy Time Series model with a Trapezoidal membership function outclassed other orders models. It is also observable that Thailand's stock traded values increased compared to Malaysia and Indonesia.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of Pakistan's economy. Yet these businesses face issues because of climate change and restricted flexibility. However, the incorporation of advanced computational intelligence (ACI) techniques like data analytics, machine learning, and predictive modeling improves the environmental sustainability, assesses the environmental risks, maximizes the utilization of resources, and applies the flexible strategies suitable to their working environments. The study presents a new model that integrates digital transformation with environmental sustainability, offering a structure for the SMEs to shift toward climate-proof models. Findings emphasize how information-driven insights can aid decision-making and decrease the carbon footprint. This research highlights the essential role of ACI in authorizing the SMEs to thrive during the weather uncertainty, and the creativity of the ecosystems. Keywords: Advanced computational intelligence, Sustainability Performance, SMEs, Pakistan.

Malaysia has always been proudly and solidly resilient at heart, with a unique feature of multicultural and multireligious identities, Malay Muslim, Chinese Buddhist, Indian Hindu, alongside Christian, Sikh, and Indigenous populations, also significantly noteworthily compose the country. The constitution explicitly guarantees religious freedom, but the management of such a situation in religious pluralism often creates subterranean tensions. Strong legislation does exist to keep harmony; however, society does get perturbed due to such interacting axes of religion, ethnicity, and politics - some of those dimensions are inadequately understood or addressed unambiguously.