Karakalpak State University

The essence of the concept of political ideology, its role in the development of society, and the interpretation of ideology in the teachings of Eastern and Western thinkers are studied. A comparative analysis of the political doctrines of Eastern thinkers such as Abu Nasr Farabi, Amir Timur, Western scholars Destut de Tracy, Mannheim, Gramshi, Gouldner, Voloshinov on political ideology is carried out. In the course of the research, the role of ideology in the management of society, ensuring social stability, and the formation of state and civil relations is analyzed. The main goal of the research is to illuminate the theoretical foundations of the concept of political ideology, to reveal how the issue of ideology was interpreted in the views of Eastern and Western thinkers, and to analyze the influence of these views on modern political processes. The methodological basis of the research is historical-comparative analysis, a systematic approach, the logical-analytical method - a comparative study of the views of Eastern and Western thinkers, an analysis of the role of ideology in the political system as a whole, a logical interpretation of the concept of political ideology and its elements. The research results will serve as additional educational material for students studying political science, philosophy, history, and social sciences. Ideological aspects of the teachings of Eastern thinkers - although there are commonalities between Eastern and Western political thought, their ideological foundations differ significantly. In the East, politics is harmonized with spiritual and moral values, while in the West, emphasis is placed on the political system, law, and civil rights. At the same time, the common goal of both schools is the formation of a just society and ensuring the stability of society. Thus, by identifying the commonalities and differences in the views of Eastern and Western thinkers, it is possible to determine which ideas are of priority importance in modern political processes. It will also be possible to determine the influence of various political ideologies on public consciousness, their role in the formation of management systems, and their contribution to the development of political culture. Key words: idea, ideology, political ideology, western ideology, eastern ideology

<p class="ql-align-justify">The aim of this research was to identify lexical, grammatical, stylistic, and cultural changes that have occurred under the influence of digital discourse, as well as to explore the specifics of these processes in different language systems. The study’s methodology was based on a comprehensive analysis of digital texts in English, Ukrainian, Albanian, and Uzbek. A comparative method was used to establish common and distinct features in the transformation of language norms under the influence of digital media. Content analysis was also applied to examine lexical and stylistic changes in various types of texts, including news articles, blogs, analytical materials, and entertainment content. The results of the study showed that digital media has caused significant changes in the language environment, such as the expansion of vocabulary through the borrowing of Anglicisms, simplification of grammatical structures, modification of stylistic norms, and the adaptation of written communication to digital formats. Languages integrated digital changes differently: English via natural spread; Ukrainian by preserving unadapted borrowings; Albanian through partial morphological integration; and Uzbek by retaining Anglicisms (especially, in tech/media), alongside phonetic/morphological adaptations.</p>

Understanding the motion parameters of floating ice is very important for characterizing the ice water dynamics of rivers during freezing periods. Due to the low spatiotemporal resolution of satellite images, limited observation range of unmanned aerial vehicles, and deformation of shore-based camera images, it is difficult to simultaneously quantify the translational and rotational motion characteristics of floating ice and long-distance transportation. This study used the unmanned aerial vehicle GPS joint observation method to observe and obtain various motion parameters such as local translation, rotation, and long-distance transportation in the curved section of the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the straight section of the middle reaches of the Yellow River during the winter of 2024–2025 under conditions of ice density of 50–90%. The velocity field obtained by the drone shows an average ice velocity of 1.27 m/s at the bend and 1.18 m/s in the straight section, with lateral velocity gradients of −0.245 to 0.050 s−1 and −0.141 to 0.222 s−1, respectively. The angular velocity of a single floating ice block is 0.008–0.016 rad/s at bends and 0.010–0.036 rad/s in straight sections. The angular velocity is positively correlated with the local shear strength, and the rotation direction is consistent with the sign of the velocity gradient. GPS tracking provides long-distance transportation trajectories, and the average difference between the speeds obtained by GPS and drones is 0.10 m/s, confirming the reliability of speed estimation based on drones. These results indicate that integrated unmanned aerial vehicle GPS observation can quantitatively characterize local floating ice movement and long-distance floating ice transport behavior, providing on-site parameters for river ice water dynamics research and hazard assessment, and has the potential to be applied to rivers in other cold regions.

In contemporary legal systems, notarial work has a unique role as an institutional instrument designed to avoid problems rather than settle them after they arise. This article explores notarial practice as a kind of preventative justice, emphasizing its practical relevance, conceptual underpinnings, and current issues. The legal character of notarial actions, their evidential value, and their function in maintaining civil circulation stability, legal certainty, and the defense of rights and legitimate interests are all examined in this paper. The evolution of notarial functions in light of globalization, digitization, and the growing complexity of legal relationships is given special consideration. The study emphasizes how notaries can lessen the strain on the courts by resolving any disputes early on via legal advice, certification, and authentication. The article also highlights important issues, such as the need of integrating electronic notarial systems, harmonizing laws, and adjusting to cross-border legal contacts. The results show that notarial work is still crucial for upholding the rule of law and preserving confidence in legal transactions as a component of preventative justice.

This article presents a comparative linguocultural analysis of paremiological units representing the concepts “man” and “woman” in English and Karakalpak languages. Proverbs, as culturally marked and evaluative linguistic units, function as repositories of collective memory and social norms; therefore, they provide valuable material for reconstructing gender conceptualization within national worldviews. The study is grounded in classical paremiology, cognitive linguistics, and gender theory, integrating the approaches of Mieder, Permyakov, Lakoff, Wierzbicka, and contemporary gender linguists. The findings demonstrate that while universal archetypes such as bravery, honor, care, and loyalty are present in both paremiological systems, their evaluative framing differs significantly. English proverbs tend to foreground individual autonomy and ambivalence in female representation, whereas Karakalpak proverbs emphasize communal responsibility, heroic endurance, and reverence for motherhood. Consequently, paremiological discourse reflects and perpetuates culturally specific gender models, revealing deep interconnections between language, culture, and social ideology.

This article discusses diminutive suffixes, their uses, meanings and peculiarities. Diminutives in English can be formed in two ways: analytic and synthetic. In this research paper both of formations are analyzed. Diminutives are not only used to diminish objects, but also they can be used as a tool of emotion, attitude, evaluation and warmth toward people or objects. The use of diminutives in personal names and negative contexts, such as pejorative and derogatory meanings are worthy of attention.

This work presents an analysis of the physical mechanisms of radiation-induced changes in the structural parameters, morphology, and properties of ZnS and ZnSe crystals irradiated with 2 MeV electrons at fluences ranging from 0.5 × 1017to 4.0 × 1017electrons cm-2. The processes of defect formation (vacancies, interstitials, and dislocations) resulting from elastic (nuclear) and inelastic (electronic) collisions are analyzed. These processes lead to lattice compression, bandgap narrowing, and an increase in the Urbach energy with rising electron fluence, reflecting enhanced structural disorder, as well as to surface smoothing, higher microhardness, and intensification of the longitudinal optical phonon mode in the Raman spectra. Differences between ZnS and ZnSe are discussed with respect to the ionicity of chemical bonds and the defect dynamics influencing lattice relaxation. A conceptual physical model is proposed to explain the observed effects in ZnS and ZnSe, based on electron-phonon interactions and defect annihilation processes.