KazMunayGas (Kazakhstan)

Studies of the soils of the city of Semey were carried out in the winter and summer periods during 2024. Gross forms defined in soil are As, Co, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn, V, Sr, Sn, Mo, Ba, Ti, Cr, Ag, Li, Nb, Be, Ga, Bi, P, Sc, Y; mobile forms: Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu, Co; and petroleum product content. The content of contaminants was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. All pollutants were assessed for compliance with their regulatory indicators in the soil. The assessment of the state and degree of soil pollution is based on the values of the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of pollutants in soils. Calculations of indicators of total soil pollution with heavy metals were performed and risks were assessed. It was established that the degree of pollution of the soil cover of Semey is acceptable, the risk levels are from low to moderately local.

This study aims to optimize the flight trajectory of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with given final conditions. An approach for constructing the optimal UAV trajectory through successive sections using a fifth-degree polynomial approximation is presented. A mathematical model is developed that considers the features of using local inertial coordinate systems on each trajectory section. A motion optimization method is proposed based on minimizing the quadratic functional that characterizes both the accuracy of reaching specified points and the energy cost for control. The solution to the optimization problem is obtained using the analytical design of the optimal controller. The analytical synthesis is novel and yields closed-form expressions for the optimal control on each segment, ensuring minimum-energy trajectories that meet the specified waypoints exactly. The proposed approach is validated through a practical example and MATLAB/Simulink simulation, demonstrating accurate and stable path-following by a UAV.

The occurrence of surface and sub-surface local damage, such as squats and studs, primarily attributed to rail-wheel contact within rail tracks, underscores the necessity for developing non-destructive testing methods. Such methods should ideally be high-speed, non-contact, and readily adaptable. Initial studies were undertaken to ascertain the optimal configurations of directional transmit and differential receiver eddy-current testing (ECT) sensors for detecting artificially induced rail defects. Discrepancies were observed in the response of the developed ECT sensors when compared to real rail damage. Consequently, this research evaluates the real-time efficacy of the original figure-8 transmit configuration with non-unity aspect ratio differential receivers against a novel dual figure-8 transmit design paired with unity aspect ratio receivers. The comparison focuses on their respective capabilities in detecting actual defects induced within rail steel samples, aiming to provide crucial insights for future in-line measurements using a trolley on a live rail network. ECT achieved a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) exceeding 47 for rail studs, while μ -CT scans validated these results by confirming an approximate defect depth of 7.9 mm and width of 36 mm. Quantitative characterization was achieved through an evaluation of the SNR, indicating the desirability of lower frequencies for facilitating electronic data acquisition and processing. Additionally, lift-off sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the optimized probe design, operating at the optimum frequency, could detect targeted defects with up to a 10 mm lift-off distance, achieving an SNR of 5. • Directional EC probes optimized for local damage detection in rail samples. • Dual figure-8 transmit with unity receiver reduces sensitivity to steel variation. • Optimal 0.3 and 2.2 MHz frequencies identified for single and dual figure-8 transmitters paired with non-unity and unity aspect ratio receivers. • SNR > 5 at 10 mm lift-off–outperforming prior STUD scan–using same figure-8 and non-unity receiver. • μ -CT validation confirms ECT accuracy in measuring STUD defect dimensions.

The kiiz üy (yurt) - the traditional portable home of Kazakh nomads, stands as a core symbol of Kazakhstan's cultural identity, embodying centuries-old traditions and the ecological wisdom of the steppe civilisation. Its architecture is not merely a functional spatial solution derived from an ingenious lightweight structure, but also an expression of the aesthetic and symbolic values of the Kazakh worldview. This study reconsiders the yurt as a living architectural archetype that continues to shape the sustainable design culture of twenty-first-century Kazakhstan. It analyses how the spatial logic, material language, and ornamentation of the kiiz üy are reinterpreted in contemporary architecture and interior design, linking vernacular traditions to regional identity and ecological innovation. The originality of this research lies in its focus on recent architectural and artistic practices - including the Contemporary Kazakh Yurt by Nurgissa Architects and the Ancient Futures exhibition - which exemplify how traditional knowledge can be transformed into forward-looking architectural strategies. This perspective, connecting vernacular symbolism with sustainability principles, has not been addressed in previous literature. The findings highlight the continuing relevance of the kiiz üy as a source of adaptive design principles and cultural meaning. They may serve architects and designers seeking to integrate national heritage into modern contexts, thereby reinforcing environmental awareness and a renewed sense of cultural continuity.

Abstract Polymer flooding is the most successful technology for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), with a history of application spanning over 60 years worldwide. The simplicity of the technology, the development of the polymer production market, improvements in technological approaches, and high economic efficiency have enabled the implementation of polymer flooding across a wide range of geological and physical conditions. Thus, this paper examines the accelerated implementation of polymer flooding at the Uzen oil field in Kazakhstan. Our previous studies have investigated the relevance and effectiveness of polymer flooding for recovering residual mobile reserves trapped in reservoirs due to increased mobility ratios and permeability contrasts. The rationale for polymer flooding compared to other chemical flooding techniques has also been established. In this work, we outline further steps for the accelerated field implementation of polymer flooding. The methodology comprises field data analysis, laboratory screening of effective polymers, water chemical composition, experimental evaluation of polymer retention in porous media, and simulation studies integrated with rheology to set polymer viscosity targets. Laboratory optimization minimized test redundancies, accelerating the identification of best-performing polymers. The sequence of experiments was streamlined by focusing exclusively on samples most suitable for specific reservoir conditions, resulting in concise recommendations for testing methodologies tailored to unique field scenarios. In this work, we outline further steps for the accelerated field implementation of polymer flooding. To this end, a comprehensive geological and field analysis was conducted to select a pilot site, laboratory studies for screening effective polymers and choosing the optimal water source were performed, an experimental evaluation of the dynamic retention of the chosen polymer in the porous medium was carried out, and simulation studies were combined with rheological studies to determine the target viscosity of the polymer. A research plan for monitoring the process and an injection program considering specific field conditions have been developed, and finally, the feasibility of the project has been assessed. The aforementioned comprehensive work is succinctly integrated into a document titled "Project Passport," which can serve as a guide for implementing polymer flooding in other oil fields. The introduction of polymer flooding to the Uzen oil field marks a significant advancement in Kazakhstan's EOR practices. This study presents an innovative framework, distinct from conventional approaches, that offers expedited strategies for future implementation. Recommendations emphasize the integration of novel methodologies and engineering workflows to enhance efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and scalability.

Background: With light oil reserves depleting and the demand for lubricants steadily increasing, the development of alternative sources of hydrocarbon feedstock has become a pressing issue. Despite the technological complexity of processing, natural bitumens represent a promising raw material for the production of base oils, particularly in the Republic of Kazakhstan, where domestic industrial lubricant production is currently absent. Aim: To assess the possibility of obtaining base industrial and motor oils from oil fractions derived from the fuel oil of natural bitumen at the Karasaz-Taspas deposit. Materials and methods: on the study object was fuel oil obtained by atmospheric distillation of natural bitumen. Oil fractions with boiling temperature ranges of 350–400 °C and 400–460 °C were separated using vacuum distillation. Purification was carried out using bleaching clay. The physical and chemical characteristics of the fractions were determined before and after purification according to standard ASTM and GOST methods. Results: The obtained oil fractions are characterized by a high kinematic viscosity, a viscosity index of up to 110.7, and low sulfur content (0.45 wt.%). Their physical and chemical properties meet the requirements for base oils of groups I and II according to the American Petroleum Institute classification and are comparable to industrial oils of grades I-40A and I-50A. Dewaxing and the addition of additives are necessary to improve low-temperature performance. Conclusion: Natural bitumen from the Karasyaz-Taspas deposit is a promising raw material for producing high-quality base oils. The study confirms the feasibility of comprehensive processing of natural bitumen fuel oil to produce industrial and motor oils, contributing to the replenishment of the raw material base, the sustainable development of the oil industry, and the enhancement of the country’s energy security.

Honey consumption is increasing worldwide due to its natural qualities, but its safety and authenticity are not always assured. Honey adulteration through mislabeling and fraudulent production significantly damages consumer trust and poses health risks. This study aimed to identify the botanical makeup of Kazakh and imported Honey to assess whether it matches with the declared labeling using melissopalynological analysis and DNA metabarcoding. During our research, melissopalynological analysis showed that 64.7% of Kazakh Honey samples and 62.5% of imported Honey matched the declared labeling. In 6 samples of domestic Honey and 6 samples of imported honey, the plant source differed from what was indicated on the label. According to DNA metabarcoding data, the botanical origin of honey by the ITS2 marker was confirmed in 58.8% of Kazakh and 31.25% of imported honey samples. Using the rbcL marker, only 29.4% of domestic and 31.25% of imported honey samples matched the declared plant origin. Agreement between melissopalynology and ITS2 marker data was observed in 10 samples, and between melissopalynology and rbcL in 8 samples. Eight samples also matched the labeling based on both genetic markers. Thus, combining DNA metabarcoding with melissopalinological analysis enables a more accurate identification of the honey's botanical origin, thereby strengthening product authenticity control, helping to detect counterfeits, facilitating access to international markets, and increasing consumer confidence. Overall, the results highlight the importance of strict monitoring and verification methods to protect consumers and maintain market integrity.

This study investigates the modification of bitumen using mechanochemically devulcanized crumb rubber. The objective of this research is to enhance the performance characteristics of bituminous binders while addressing the inherent limitations associated with conventional crumb rubber (CCR), such as insufficient dispersion, elevated viscosity, and phase instability. Preliminary chemical activation of the crumb rubber was performed using a planetary ball mill, followed by thermomechanical devulcanization on a two-roll open mixing mill. Structural features of the devulcanized crumb rubber were analyzed using infrared spectroscopy, which confirmed the breakdown of S–S bonds. This study presents a comparative analysis of the performance characteristics of rubber–bitumen binders produced using both conventional rubber crumb (CRC) and devulcanized rubber crumb (DRC). The use of DCR, obtained mechanochemically from rubber waste, improved penetration, Fraass breaking point and the ring and ball softening point on average at high concentrations (20; 25% crumb rubber) compared to conventional crumb rubber by 33%, 66% and 2.4%, respectively. Optical microscopy revealed the formation of a uniform mesh-like rubber structure within the bitumen matrix, which contributes to enhanced performance characteristics of the modified binder and improved mechanical strength of the material. The key contribution of this work lies in the development and experimental validation of an efficient approach to deep devulcanization of crumb rubber via mechanochemical activation using readily available nitrogen-containing reagents. Furthermore, the study establishes a direct correlation between the degree of devulcanization, the dispersion quality of rubber particles within the bitumen matrix, and the resultant performance characteristics of the modified binder.

Industrial sulfur separation and purification: paving the way to energy applications. • Assesses advanced sulfur desulfurisation and purification methods. • Novel desulfurisation methods achieve ultra-high-purity sulfur. • Ultra-high-purity sulfur is crucial for efficient energy applications. • Highlights pathways for sustainable sulfur use in energy storage. Sulfur, a by-product of industrial processes, presents a unique opportunity for advancing sustainable energy storage systems, particularly in metal-sulfur batteries (MSBs) and thermal energy storage (TES) applications. Both MSBs and TES technologies benefit from sulfur’s abundance, cost-effectiveness, and high energy storage potential. However, the effective utilisation of sulfur in these systems relies on its purification to meet stringent quality standards, as impurities can significantly impact performance. This review examines sulfur’s role as an industrial by-product, detailing conventional and alternative purification methods from sources such as petroleum and coal. Techniques such as hydrodesulfurisation (HDS), adsorptive desulfurisation (ADS), oxidative desulfurisation (ODS), and biodesulfurisation (BDS) as well as extraction and flotation are evaluated for their efficiency, scalability, and environmental impact. Sulfur’s dual application in MSBs and TES positions it as a critical material for sustainable, large-scale energy storage solutions, underscoring this research’s significance and impact implications. The review emphasises the need for continued innovation in sulfur purification methods and integrating green chemistry principles to enhance sustainability. The insights provided here pave the way for broader sulfur utilisation, offering sustainable pathways for its application in industrial processes and energy storage technologies.