Kent State University at Stark

This brief report provides an overview of the state of families in Ohio, USA, using data primarily from the US Census Bureau and the state of Ohio. The report covers various aspects such as the number of families, family size, family composition, ethnic and racial diversity, family income, poverty rates, employment rates, unemployment rates, education levels, marriage, and divorce rates, among others.

Few traits exhibit a more diverse collection of exemplary structure-function relationships than the mouthparts of insects. The global dominance of insects is attributed to their diverse food sources, which are matched by an array of morphological and chemical adaptations: a 'tool kit' for biomimicry. This review provides an overview of insect mouthparts that have contributed to biomimetics, including information about morphology and functionality in relation to particular feeding mechanisms. Themes in the groups of insects employed for particular biomimetic studies, including their lineages and feeding strategies, are identified along with suggestions for future studies, which together underscore the importance and promise of the development of novel engineered devices inspired by the unique 'tools' of insect mouthparts.

Background: Medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) has been proven to reduce the ill effects of opioid use disorder yet remains under prescribed, especially in primary care settings. This scoping review sought to identify barriers and facilitators to providing MOUD in US primary care settings. Methods: We conducted a scoping review of academic literature published between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2023, following PRISMA extension guidelines. Results: Of 681 articles initially identified, 23 met our inclusion criteria. The three primary barriers to MOUD practice identified in this review were: (1) logistical and institutional challenges, (2) lack of knowledge and training, and (3) stigma and fear of diversion. Facilitators were less frequently discussed in the selected manuscripts; they included: (1) education and training, and (2) improved reimbursement and clinical policies and protocols. Discussion: Findings indicate a need to improve providers’ perceptions of MOUD and to change the culture of primary care treatment offices. Strategies for improving healthcare leaders’ prioritization and support for MOUD delivery, additional resources to address time constraints associated with delivering MOUD, and streamlining credentialing and privileging processes may be necessary to increase MOUD prescribing in primary care settings.

The goal was to create a brief temperament inventory grounded in the Regulative Theory of Temperament (FCB-TMI-CC), with a user-friendly, online applicability for studies in different cultures. As the regulative role of temperament is strongly revealed under meaningful stress, the study was planned within the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. To ensure high diversity in terms of culture, economic and environmental conditions, data from nine countries (Poland, United States of America, Italy, Japan, Argentina, South Korea, Ireland, United Kingdom and Kazakhstan) were utilized (min. N = 200 per country). Validation data were gathered on the level of COVID-19 stressors, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety and stress symptoms, and Big Five personality traits. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis served as the basis for the inventory’s construction. The final culture-common version includes 37 items (5–6 in each of the 7 scales) and covers the core aspects of temperament dimensions. Temperament structure was confirmed to be equivalent across measured cultures. The measurement is invariant at the level of factor loadings and the reliability (internal consistency) and theoretical validity of the scales were at least acceptable. Therefore, the FCB-TMI-CC may serve as a valuable tool for studying temperament across diverse cultures and facilitate cross-cultural comparisons.

Insects have evolved unique structures that host a diversity of material and mechanical properties, and the mouthparts (proboscis) of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are no exception. Here, we examined proboscis morphology and material properties from several previously unstudied moth lineages to determine if they relate to flower visiting and non-flower visiting feeding habits. Scanning electron microscopy and three-dimensional imaging were used to study proboscis morphology and assess surface roughness patterns on the galeal surface, respectively. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to study patterns of cuticular autofluorescence, which was quantified with colour analysis software. We found that moth proboscises display similar autofluorescent signals and morphological patterns in relation to feeding habits to those previously described for flower and non-flower visiting butterflies. The distal region of proboscises of non-flower visitors is brush-like for augmented capillarity and exhibited blue autofluorescence, indicating the possible presence of resilin and increased flexibility. Flower visitors have smoother proboscises and show red autofluorescence, an indicator of high sclerotization, which is adaptive for floral tube entry. We propose the lepidopteran proboscis as a model structure for understanding how insects have evolved a suite of morphological and material adaptations to overcome the challenges of acquiring fluids from diverse sources.