Kingswood University

Abstract Background and Aims Australia is one of the world's most culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) nations, yet there is limited research on the characteristics and outcomes of CALD individuals undergoing kidney replacement therapy (KRT). This study aims to examine demographic and clinical characteristics, access to transplantation, and health outcomes of CALD patients receiving KRT in Australia over the past two decades. Method Data were obtained from the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA) between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2023. Non-Indigenous adults who initiated KRT in Australia during the study period were included. Patients were categorised into three groups: 1) individuals born in Australia/New Zealand (Aus/NZ), 2) CALD English (born in predominantly English-speaking countries), and 3) CALD non-English (born elsewhere). Statistical analysis included chi-squared tests, multivariate regression, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves to evaluate characteristics and outcomes, including mortality and access to transplantation. Results The cohort consisted of 52,045 patients, 64% of whom were male, with a median age of 62 years, and predominance of Aus/NZ-born individuals. CALD non-English patients had a higher prevalence of diabetic kidney disease, were more likely to commence KRT on peritoneal dialysis and had lower rates of pre-emptive kidney transplant. They were also more likely to live in postcodes with higher socioeconomic disadvantage and in major cities. In contrast, CALD English patients were older at KRT initiation, had higher number of comorbidities and were more likely to be former smokers. Late referrals were relatively consistent across the groups. While native fistulas were the most common vascular access across all groups, they were slightly less frequent in CALD groups. Baseline characteristics are summarised in Table 1. Mortality was highest in CALD-English patients and lowest in CALD-Non-English patients, consistent across all initial KRT modalities (Fig. 1). Cardiovascular disease and withdrawal from dialysis were the leading causes of death, with withdrawal being more frequent in CALD English and Aus/NZ groups, while infections were more common in CALD non-English patients (Fig. 2). Medical comorbidities, age, smoking status, body mass index, living in postcodes with higher socioeconomic disadvantage, and remoteness were all significant predictors of waitlisting and death. After adjustment for the above factors, CALD non-English had higher likelihood of waitlisting (subdistribution hazard ratios (SHR) 1.33, 95% CI: 1.28–1.4) and lower likelihood of death (SHR 0.76, 95% CI 0.74–0.78) (P < 0.001). Conclusion This study highlights significant differences in the characteristics and outcomes of CALD patients receiving KRT in Australia. CALD non-English patients demonstrated a healthier profile, with higher likelihood of waitlisting for kidney transplantation and lower mortality rates compared to Aus/NZ and CALD English groups. These findings suggest a “healthy immigrant effect” for CALD non-English patients and aligns with the data from the 2021 Australian census, which reported that individuals born in Australia had the highest prevalence of at least one long-term health condition, followed by those born in England, the USA, Scotland, and New Zealand. Further research is warranted to explore barriers to pre-emptive transplant and vascular access use among CALD groups and to evaluate the impact of these disparities on long-term outcomes. A deeper understanding of cultural and systemic factors influencing KRT care may inform policies to ensure equitable access and improve outcomes for all patients. This study may pave the way for similar research in other countries to assess outcomes and patterns of CALD patients on KRT, helping to identify universal and region-specific factors that influence access to care and patient outcomes across diverse populations.

Wood explores the conversion, discipleship, cultural negotiation, and theological education and leadership development experiences of male evangelical church leaders in Mongolia. This study contributes to the growing body of Christian anthropology, to the almost nonexistent field of Mongolian Christian anthropology, and to the field of contextualized theological education. This book is useful for anyone interested in Christianity in Mongolia, cultural negotiation, and cross-cultural theological education. After the introductory chapters that cover the literature review and explain his methods and procedures, Wood shares insights from interviews with over thirty leaders. He identified several factors contributing to the leaders' conversions and described their discipleship experiences. While some of these factors were tied to a unique time in history (the collapse of socialism in Mongolia), the connected emotions are more universal and give current workers insight into indicators of Mongolian receptivity to the Gospel. Woods explored four situations that require cultural negotiation for Mongolian believers: funerals, hair-cutting ceremonies, use of the khada (Buddhist prayer and blessing scarf), and celebrating Tsagaan Sar. Further, he showed how the Mongolian church leaders navigate these negotiations in different ways (and for different reasons). Next, he illustrated that while opportunities for theological training abound, there is a desire for training that is more targeted toward the pastors’ actual and felt needs and delivered in culturally contextualized ways. The insights from the theological education and leadership development chapter would be interesting to anyone engaged in these tasks in a cross-cultural context, especially for those who might feel the tension between how a culture might want content delivered and how it might be most effectively delivered. The study was limited to males, which is its major weakness. Without data from female leaders' experiences to compare it to, we do not learn anything unique about the male experience, and we lose out on female voices.

The present paper provides the description of a new species of the genus Karschiola Gaede, 1926 from central Mozambique and Zimbabwe: K. ndzou sp. n. The pairwise genetic distance between the two Karschiola species is calculated and a neighbour-joining tree based on DNA barcodes of two K. holoclera and five K. ndzou sp. n. specimens is provided. The paper is illustrated with eight colour photos of adults and 18 genitalia images, a distribution map and two habitat photos.

Hysteresis behaviour of metal–insulator transition in VO2 enables reduced energy consumption for high-performance Joule heating driven flexible smart windows.

Die arkvaarders. Anne Provoost (vertaal deur Daniel Hugo). Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis, 2012. 311 pp. ISBN: 978-1-86919-461-1.

Journal Article Shorter Notices Get access JUDITH MCCLURE JUDITH MCCLURE Kingswood School Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume CII, Issue CCCCIV, July 1987, Pages 702–703, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/CII.CCCCIV.702 Published: 01 July 1987

Journal Article Shorter Notices Get access JUDITH MCCLURE JUDITH MCCLURE Kingswood SchoolBath Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume CII, Issue CCCCII, January 1987, Page 182, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/CII.CCCCII.182 Published: 01 January 1987

(1961). The three objectives of Christian Education. Religion in Education: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 71-72.