Kjeller Vindteknikk (Norway)

Abstract. Large-eddy simulation (LES) is an optimal tool to examine aerosol particle concentrations in detail within urban neighbourhoods. The concentrations are a complex result of local emissions, meteorology, aerosol processes and local mixing conditions due to thermal and mechanical effects. Despite this, most studies have focused on simplification of the affecting processes such as examining the impact of local mixing in idealised street canyons or treating aerosols as passive scalars. The aim of this study is to include all these processes into LES using the PALM model system and to examine the importance of radiative heating and aerosol processes in simulating local aerosol particle concentrations and different aerosol metrics within a realistic urban neighbourhood in Helsinki under morning rush hour with calm wind conditions. The model outputs are evaluated against mobile laboratory measurements of air temperature and total particle number concentration (Ntot) as well as drone measurements of lung-deposited surface area (LDSA). The inclusion of radiation interaction in LES has a significant impact on simulated near-surface temperatures in our study domain, increasing them on average from 8.6 to 12.4 ∘C. The resulting enhanced ventilation reduces the pedestrian-level (4 m) Ntot by 53 %. The reduction in Ntot due to aerosol processes is smaller, only 18 %. Aerosol processes particularly impact the smallest particle range, whereas radiation interaction is more important in the larger particle range. The inclusion of radiation interaction reduces the bias between the modelled and mobile-laboratory-measured air temperatures from −3.9 to +0.2 ∘C and Ntot from +98 % to −13 %. With both aerosol and radiation interaction on, the underestimation is 16 %, which might be due to overestimation of the ventilation. The results show how inclusion of radiative interaction is particularly important in simulating PM2.5, whereas aerosol processes are more important in simulating LDSA in this calm wind situation.

Denne tredje NAFOL-boken er en unik bok på det norske markedet. Den inneholder en samling av forskningsartikler om lærerutdanningsforskning som krysser nasjonale grenser, fagdisipliner og ikke minst utdanningsnivå, fra barnehage til forskeropplæring. Artiklene, som kommer fra USA, Tyskland, Island og Seychellene, gir innblikk i den inter nasjonale lærerutdanningsforskningen, mens de norske artiklene gir et bredt bilde av den positive aktiviteten vi nå ser i norsk forskning på området. Det er stort mangfold både i forskningstematikk og forskningsmetoder. Det er også positivt at unge norske forskere når et bredere publikum ved å skrive på engelsk, uten at det skal gå på bekostning av verdien av å ha god forskningslitteratur skrevet på norsk. NAFOL står sentralt i denne utviklingen med sine vel 200 tidligere og nåværende stipendiater.NAFOL-bøkene, og ikke minst denne boken, gir et bilde av dagens lærerutdanningsforskning.Dette kommer frem i åpningsartikkelen, som presenterer et evaluerings prosjekt NAFOL satte i gang, og ikke minst i den avsluttende artikkelen, som har en grundig gjennom gang av et knippe NAFOL-prosjekter. Denne boken er en kilde for nye og erfarne forskere som ønsker å holde seg oppdatert på norsk og internasjonal lærerutdanningsforskning.

Abstract. Since 2014, 11 tall meteorological masts have been erected in coastal areas of mid-Norway in order to provide observational data for a detailed description of the wind climate at several potential fjord crossing sites. The planned fjord crossings are part of the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) Coastal Highway E39-project. The meteorological masts are 50–100 m high and located in complex terrain near the shoreline in Halsafjorden, Julsundet and Storfjorden in the Møre og Romsdal county of Norway. Observations of the three-dimensional wind vector are done at 2–4 levels in each mast, with a temporal frequency of 10 Hz. The dataset is corroborated with observed profiles of temperature at two masts, as well as precipitation, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity and dew point at one site. The first masts were erected in 2014 and the measurement campaign will continue to at least 2024. The current paper describes the observational setup and observations of key atmospheric parameters are presented and put in context with observations and climatological normals from a nearby reference weather station. The quality-controlled 10-minute and 10 Hz data as well as other meteorological parameters is publicly available through Arctic Data Centre (https://adc.met.no/datasets/10.21343/z9n1-qw63; Furevik et al., 2019).

Abstract. High concentrations of ozone in ambient air are hazardous not only to humans but to the ecosystem in general. The impact of ozone damage on vegetation and agricultural plants in combination with advancing climate change may affect food security in the future. While the future scenarios in themselves are uncertain, there are limiting factors constraining the accuracy of surface ozone modeling also at present: The distribution and amount of ozone precursors and ozone depleting substances, the stratosphere-troposphere exchange as well as scavenging processes. Removal of any substance through gravitational settling or by uptake by plants and soil is referred to as dry deposition. The process of dry deposition is important for predicting surface ozone concentrations and understanding the observed amount and increase of tropospheric background ozone. The conceptual dry deposition velocities are calculated following a resistance-analogous approach wherein aerodynamic, quasi laminar, and canopy resistances are key components, but these are hard to measure explicitly. In this paper, we present an update of the dry deposition scheme implemented in the Oslo CTM3. We change from a purely empirical dry deposition parameterization to a more process-based one which is taking the state of the atmosphere and vegetation into account. Examining the sensitivity of the scheme to various parameters, our focus lies mainly on the stomatal conductance-based description of the canopy resistance. We evaluate the resulting modeled ozone dry deposition with respect to observations and multi-model studies and also estimate the impact on the modeled ozone concentrations at the surface. We show that the global annual total ozone dry deposition decreases with respect to the previous model version (−47 %), leading to an increase in surface ozone of up to 100 %. While high sensitivity to changes in dry deposition to vegetation is found in the tropics, the largest impact on global scales is associated to changes in dry deposition to the ocean and deserts.

This paper gives an overview of current achievements where modern weather forecasting techniques are implemented for the assessment of especially ice and wind loadings on electrical overhead lines, TV towers, masts and similar infrastructure. Modern numerical weather prediction models (NWP ) incorporate far more details on e.g. cloud physics and dynamics than those generally necessary for regular weather forecasts. Such models describe in principle all physical and dynamical processes in the atmosphere in 3-D. In combination with detailed data on the physical properties of land and water surfaces, it is now possible to obtain realistic values of weather parameters related to wind, turbulence, precipitation and atmospheric icing down to a horizontal scale of a few hundred meters. Such models are therefore powerful tools for the planning and final design for various infrastructures in remote terrain where little or no weather data can provide sufficient bases for the establishment of extreme weather loads necessary for their design.

It is accepted that both genetic and environmental factors are important in the genesis of schizophrenic disorders, but we have little understanding how they interact to produce the illness in a given individual. The position with regard to severe affective disorders is somewhat different, since bipolar disorders seem to have a comparatively high genetic loading as against a greater influence of environmental factors in unipolar disorders. Recent research shows a significant overlap between schizophrenic and affective disorders, both for symptoms in individual cases and for family incidence of the disorders. One way of achieving better understanding of the interaction of genes and environment in the two sets of disorders is to study samples of twins and of adoptees. In such studies the chances of successful results are increased by investigating samples that are as large as possible and contain a broad spectrum of psychiatric diagnoses.