Kohler (United States)

Introduction: The global pandemic of the coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In addition to respiratory failures, COVID-19 patients exhibited cardiac complications. Studies observed the direct infection and replication of SARS-CoV2 in human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) accompanied by cytopathic effects. However, the underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-mediated CM death remain poorly understood. In addition, the therapeutic potential of remdesivir (RDV) on CMs has yet to be answered. Methods and Results: We confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 is infectious to and effectively replicates in hPSC-CMs and is cytopathic to hPSC-CMs. We also found that RDV effectively inhibited viral replication at a concentration of 50 nM. RNA-seq analyses demonstrated that expression of immune responsive genes was elevated in SARS-CoV-2 infected hPSC-CMs. Immunostaining and an ELISA assay further revealed formation of inflammasomes and secretion of inflammasome-mediated cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-6 in SARS-CoV-2 infected hPSC-CMs. RNA-seq analyses showed gene profile changes in SARS-CoV-2 infected hPSC-CMs corroborating with activation of inflammatory signals and cell death pathways. While gene profiles of 0.1 μM RDV-treated SARS-CoV-2-infected hPSC-CMs showed reversal of such changes, a high dose (10 μM) RDV-treated CoV-2-infected hPSC-CMs showed changes in 44% of genes expressed compared to non-RDV-treated CoV2-infected hPSC-CMs. Among those, expression of protein stability related genes, such as genes associated with autophagy and protein ubiquitination increased while expression of antiviral responsive genes decreased. In addition, a high dose of RDV inhibited expression of mitochondrial genes, particularly MitoComplex I and V compositions, which are related to energy production. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that SARS-CoV2 induced inflammasome in hPSC-CMs, which can underlie cardiac damage in addition to direct cytopathic effects. In addition, RDV can reduce inflammasome when introduced early after SARS-CoV2 infection while a high-dose can aggravate cytopathic effects by potential toxicity to mitochondria.

This paper focuses on the development of a magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) of an exciter machine with an armature rotating interior to a wound field. The machine is intended as part of an excitation system for a wound rotor synchronous machine (WRSM) serving as a motor or generator. The MEC model is structured to enable multi-objective optimization of the exciter as a standalone system or as part of a system-level design in which the exciter (machine, diode rectifier, control) and WRSM are designed together within a system-level optimization. Validation of the exciter model is evaluated by comparing with hardware for a standalone open-circuit experiment and when used to supply field current to a WRSM under transient load application.

The study presented in this chapter examined the relationship between performance variability and actual performance of financial decision makers who were working under experimental conditions of increasing workload and fatigue. The rescaled range statistic, also known as the Hurst exponent (H) was used as an index of variability. Although H is defined as having a range between 0 and 1, 45 % of the 172 time series generated by undergraduates were negative. Participants in the study chose the optimum investment out of sets of 3–5 options that were presented a series of 350 displays. The sets of options varied in both the complexity of the options and number of options under simultaneous consideration. Depending on experimental condition, participants to make their choices within 15 s or 7.5 s. Results showed that (a) negative H was possible and not a result of psychometric error; (b) negative H was associated with negative autocorrelations in a time series. (c) H was the best predictor of performance of the variables studied; (d) three other significant predictors were scores on an anagrams test and ratings of physical demands and performance demands; (e) persistence as evidenced by the autocorrelations was associated with ratings of greater time pressure. Furthermore, persistence and overall performance were correlated, “healthy” variability only exists within a limited range, and other individual differences related to ability and resistance to stress or fatigue are also involved in the prediction of performance.

Previous studies suggest that after pancreatectomy, drain fluid amylase obtained on postoperative day 1 (DFA1) >5,000 U/L correlates with the development of postoperative pancreatic fistula (PF).(1,2) We sought to validate whether DFA1 is a clinically useful predictor of PF and to evaluate whether DFA1 correlates with PF severity. Using a prospective database, we reviewed records from patients having pancreatectomy between 2010 and 2012. Presence and grade of PF were determined using the consensus guidelines from the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF).(1) RESULTS: Sixty-three patients who underwent pancreatectomy had a documented DFA1. There were 27 (43%) who developed PF: 2 (7%) were grade A, 18 grade B (67%), and 7 were grade C (26%). Median DFA1 in patients with PF (4,600 U/L, range 32 to 16,900 U/L) was significantly higher than in those without PF (45 U/L, range 2 to 5,840 U/L; p < 0.001). When DFA1 was analyzed at varying cutoff values, correlation of DFA1 with PF was high. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were assessed at varying levels of DFA1. Highest sensitivity (96%) and NPV (96%) were obtained with a cutoff DFA1 of <100 U/L. On multivariate analysis, DFA1 >100 U/L was the only significant predictor of PF when controlling for gland texture, duct size, pathology, and neoadjuvant radiation. There was no statistically significant relationship between DFA1 and PF grade. In patients undergoing pancreatic resection, a cutoff DFA1 of 100 U/L resulted in high sensitivity and NPV. Early drain removal may be safe in these patients. Further studies are recommended to validate the role of DFA1 in excluding PF and assisting in management of surgical drains.

Whereas sexual relationships among low-risk individuals account for the majority of HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa, limited knowledge exists about the structure and characteristics of sexual networks among the general population in sub-Saharan Africa. To investigate the population-level structure of sexual networks connecting the young adult population of several villages on Likoma Island (Malawi), and analyse the structural position of HIV-positive individuals within the sexual network. A cross-sectional sociocentric survey of sexual partnerships and biomarkers of prevalent HIV infections. The study documents the existence of a large and robust sexual network linking a substantial fraction of the island's young adult population: half of all sexually active respondents were connected in a giant network component, and more than a quarter were linked through multiple independent chains of sexual relationships. This high network connectivity emerges within short time frames. The prevalence of HIV also varied significantly across the network, with sparser regions having a higher HIV prevalence than densely connected components. Several risk factors related to sexual mixing patterns help explain differentials in HIV prevalence across network locations. Contrary to claims that sexual networks in rural sub-Saharan Africa are too sparse to sustain generalized HIV epidemics, the structure of the networks observed in Likoma appears compatible with a broad diffusion of HIV among lower-risk groups. The non-homogeneous distribution of HIV infection within the network suggests that network characteristics are an important determinant of the dynamics of HIV spread within a population.

Abstract18‐electron compounds REML (RE = rare earth metal; M = Cu, Ag, Au; L = Ge, Sn) can adopt either the stuffed graphite‐like (P63mc) or the stuffed diamond‐like ($F{\bar 4}{\rm 3}m$) structure. To understand why one structure is favored over the other, we carried out density functional theory electronic structure calculations for a number of REAuSn compounds. The stuffed graphite‐like and stuffed diamond‐like structures of an 18‐electron compound REAuSn are quite similar in their electronic structures with the Au atoms best described as existing as anions. The diamond‐like REML becomes possible only when the RE3+ ion is small and the M‐L bond is long.

I have some heartburn about the views expressed by John Rigden and James Stith. The situation they describe—too few students and apprentices for the existing supply of mentors and instructors—fits a correction of an oversupply of teachers as well as it fits an undersupply of students.There is an underlying assumption that physicists are a superior divine caste whose population must be preserved or increased if for no other reason than preserving the caste or employing the teachers. Physicists, as well as practitioners of other disciplines, are needed to solve problems outside academia, not to fill classrooms. Research into new areas and production of new knowledge are not the exclusive capability or property of physicists. Witness the tremendous volume of engineering and chemical publications. Physics students tend to be taught that they have some unique capability to do anything. Employers tend to want someone with demonstrated ability to solve this or that particular type of problem, in a particular field, by a particular deadline. Students who obtain advanced degrees in any number of other technical fields may be well trained in basic physical principles and scientific methods and be equally (or more) capable of solving problems in their chosen fields. As a retired physicist and manager, I know both physicists and nonphysicists can solve technical problems well and poorly. Finding the right person to solve the problem at hand is still a challenge. Physicist applicants who assert that they can “do anything” while having little detailed relevant experience might justifiably evoke laughter.The idea of counting as physicists all students who obtain any degree in physics is a bit of a stretch. Many students change fields. Why shouldn’t a person who obtains a BS in physics and a PhD in, say, electrical engineering or biochemistry be known as an EE or biochemist? A person who gets a BS in physics might get a job as a technician and rightly be referred to as such. It is not, and should not be, particularly important to society as a whole how many “physicists” exist or what criterion one uses in counting them. After all, many subjects now in other academic departments were once considered studies in physics and are still fit subjects for original research. A more meaningful number might be the fraction of the population trained in several technical disciplines.© 2004 American Institute of Physics.

Anthropology NewsVolume 45, Issue 2 p. 13-13 Cooperation and Conflict John Patton, John Patton Washington State U John Patton: is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Washington State University. He specializes in evolutionary theory, cooperation, warfare and social structure in Amazonia.Search for more papers by this authorTim Kohler, Tim Kohler Washington State U Tim Kohler: is Professor of Anthropology at Washington State University. He specializes in quantitative methods in anthropology and the archaeology of southwestern and southeastern North America.Search for more papers by this author John Patton, John Patton Washington State U John Patton: is Assistant Professor of Anthropology at Washington State University. He specializes in evolutionary theory, cooperation, warfare and social structure in Amazonia.Search for more papers by this authorTim Kohler, Tim Kohler Washington State U Tim Kohler: is Professor of Anthropology at Washington State University. He specializes in quantitative methods in anthropology and the archaeology of southwestern and southeastern North America.Search for more papers by this author First published: 07 July 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.2004.45.2.13 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume45, Issue2February 2004Pages 13-13 RelatedInformation