Lab_Bell (Canada)

Ce chapitre examine comment les progrès récents de la technologie numérique pourraient conduire à une nouvelle génération d’évaluations éducatives par le jeu. Les systèmes d’éducation disposeraient alors d’évaluations capables de tester des compétences plus complexes que les tests standardisés classiques. Après avoir souligné certains des avantages des évaluations par le jeu par rapport aux autres tests, ce chapitre aborde la manière dont ces tests sont construits, comment ils fonctionnent, mais aussi certaines de leurs limites. Si les jeux présentent un grand potentiel pour améliorer la qualité des tests et étendre l’évaluation à des compétences complexes à l’avenir, ils viendront probablement compléter les tests classiques, qui ont aussi leurs avantages. Trois exemples d’évaluations par le jeu qui intègrent des technologies avancées illustrent cette perspective.

This paper presents the technology enabled feedback on domestic energy consumption that promote awareness and lead to energy savings. This explore an activity-centric view of energy consumption in shared spaces, such as offices. While a focus on changed consumption outcomes will ultimately be the key test of a good device, more systematic user experience and design studies, across a range of settings, might provide more confidence that the devices we're designing are both fit to task and will be acceptable as well as usable. The authors articulate a set of design concerns that frame and focus ongoing research into user experience and more effective feedback display designs.

Sensitivity of photosystem II fluorescence parameters, as indicators of atrazine and copper inhibitory effects, were investigated by using LuminoTox, Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) and Plant Efficiency Analyzer (PEA) fluorometric systems. Inhibition of Photosystem II was induced when samples of spinach thylakoid membranes were treated with atrazine or copper sulphate for 15 min. In those samples we investigated the change of the following fluorescence parameters: For PAM and PEA, the maximal variable fluorescence as FV , the basal quantum yield of nonphotochemical processes in PSII as the ratio FO /FM , the relationship between photochemical and concurrent nonphotochemical processes within PSII as the ratio FV /FO and the maximum quantum yield as the ratio FV /FM . For the LuminoTox, the evaluation of the parameters [F 2 − F 1, F 2/F 1, (F 2 − F 1)/F 1 and (F 2 − F 1)/F 2] was based on two fluorescence yields F 1 and F 2 measured under low- and high-light intensities, respectively. We found the change in sensitivity of the inhibitory response (Ir) to be caused either by the specific optical mode of the fluorometric system or by differences in inhibitory mechanism between atrazine and copper. The sensitivity order of EC-50% of Ir was for atrazine: Ir( F 2− F 1)/ F 1 (LuminoTox) > Ir FO / FM (PAM) > Ir F 1/ F 2 (LuminoTox) > Ir F 2− F 1 (LuminoTox) > Ir F V / F O (PAM) > Ir( F 2− F 1)/ F 2 (LuminoTox) > Ir F V / F O (PEA) > Ir F O / F M (PEA) > Ir F V / F M (PEA) > Ir F V / F M (PAM) and for copper: Ir F 2− F 1 (LuminoTox) > Ir F O / F M (PEA) = Ir FV (PEA) > Ir F V / F O (PEA) > Ir F 1/ F 2 (LuminoTox) > Ir( F 2− F 1 )/ F 1 (LuminoTox) > Ir F V (PAM) > Ir F O / F M (PAM) > Ir F V / F O (PAM) > Ir F V / F M (PEA) > Ir( F 2− F 1 ) / F 2 (LuminoTox). Study of these Ir, based on fluorescence parameters, may provide useful indication for the practical approach in the evaluation of atrazine and copper phytotoxicity.