Laboratoire Saint Martin

MRI is widely used for the detection and characterization of brain lesions. There is a growing interest in the potential benefits of quantitative MRI (qMRI) in veterinary brain lesion diagnosis. Yet, the use of data processing tools in the veterinary field is not as democratized as for the diagnosis of human brain pathologies. Several reviews have addressed the characterization of brain lesions in cats and dogs. None of them is specifically focused on quantitative MRI data processing techniques for the diagnosis of brain lesions in the veterinary field. This paper aims to provide an overview of the evolution of qMRI on cats and dogs both in the clinical and preclinical fields. We analyze the achievements in the field as well as the remaining challenges in the diffusion of data processing tools for veterinary brain lesions characterization.

While working on the identification of the content of Armenian fly-leaves in the National Library in Paris, I copied two leaves bound with the Armenian manuscript 182. The manuscript dates from the middle of the fifteenth century, its binder is not known; the original binding is partly preserved in the occidental binding of the nineteenth century, and the fly-leaves are not in a very good state of conservation (cf. Fig. 1 ). It is clear that multispectral images are needed to decipher the text entirely. It was clearly identifiable as a Commentary on the Psalms, of which I could detect the Greek original: the Commentary on the Psalms by Theodoret of Cyrrhus. I must confess that it took me some time to find under which name this work could have been kept and copied in Armenian, since the official theology in Armenia was, at least since the seventh century, the one of Cyrill of Alexandria, not a great friend of Theodoret; so, to keep and distribute the text, it had been put under the name of Epiphanius of Salamis. I could find some series of manuscripts of this Commentary reused as fly-leaves. One of them is found in the Armenian Patriarchate St James in Jerusalem; it comprises all in all ten fragments of leaves bound mainly in manuscripts that were copied in the years 1609 by Mxitʽar Mokacʽi in Jerusalem. The original manuscript was written in erkatʽagir, in two columns with 34 lines per page. 1.1 The fly-leaves of the first series are: -Manuscript J 2047 (Fig. 2 ). We read on f. 510v: գրեցաւ ... ձեռամբ ... գրչի Մխիթար Մոկացոյ ... արդ գրեցաւ ի թվականութեանս Հայոց ռ եւ ծը: 'it has been copied ... by the hand ... of the scribe Mxitʽar Mokacʽi ... now, it has been copied in the year 1000 and 58 of the Armenians' (= 1609 CE). It contains the Commentary of Ps. 26.8 -27.2. There is no indication about the binder (JC VII, 93). -Yerevan, Matenadaran, Armenian fragment 382 (no printed description exists). Fragments like this are mainly fly-leaves taken out of a manuscript during its restoration; unfortunately, the manuscript from which they have been taken out is usually not indicated, so the copyist and the binder remain unknown. Here we have one full leaf, where we read the Commentary of Ps. 28.1-5. -Jerusalem, Manuscript J 1936 (Fig. 4 ), f. 521r: ես ... Մխիթար Մոկացիս ... սկսայ եւ կատարեցի: կազմողի ... Ռըստակես ... կազմեցաւ ի թվականիս ռ˜ծթ 'I ... Mxitʽar Mokacʽi ... began [to copy] and finished [it]; it was bound in the year 1059 (1610 CE) by Ṙǝstakēs'. It contains the Commentary of [474][475]. The two manuscripts kept in Jerusalem were copied for Grigor Paronter, Patriarch of Jerusalem. -Manuscript J 1331 (Fig. 3 ) was restored by the same Ṙǝstakēs in the same year 1610 as indicated on f. 409v: Նորոգեցաւ սուրբ գիրքս ի թվականիս ռ˜ծթ ձեռամբ տրուպ Ռըստակէս ... 'This holy book [Works by Philo] was restored in the year 1059 (1610) by the hand of humble Ṙǝstakēs. Commentary of . This is the lower part of the leaf (JC IV, 307).

To retrospectively analyze the preoperative clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of evisceration with implantation of an intrascleral silicone prosthesis (EIISP) procedures in dogs and evaluate whether brachycephalic dogs are more prone than non-brachycephalic dogs to develop postoperative complications after EIISP. Ninety-One dogs (19 of which were brachycephalic) were included. Medical records from 2010 to 2019 were reviewed. Signalment, reason for EIISP, postoperative complications, follow-up time, and postoperative eye appearance were analyzed. The most frequently represented breeds were French Bulldog [11/91 (12%) dogs], Jack Russell Terrier [6/91 (7%)], and Shih Tzu [6/91 (7%)]. Brachycephalic dogs were statistically younger than non-brachycephalic dogs at the time of EIISP (p = 1.61 × 10-5 ). Uncontrolled glaucoma was the most common reason for EIISP in both groups. Short-term complications (from D0 to D15) seen in 7/91 (8%) dogs included epithelial corneal ulcers (n = 3), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) (n = 2), and prosthesis extrusion (n = 2). Long-term complications seen in 26/91 (29%) dogs included KCS (n = 11), epithelial corneal ulcers (n = 7), stromal ulcers (n = 3), entropion (n = 4), and prosthesis extrusion (n = 1). Extrusion of the prosthesis occurred twice in eyes that had undergone diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation. The risk of postoperative complications was not significantly different between brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic dogs (p = .3). Brachycephalic status in dogs does not appear to influence the risk of complications from EIISP. Nevertheless, the present study is a reminder that EIISP focuses on esthetics, and considering the possible complications associated with it, it does not provide a benefit to the patient compared to enucleation.

Cartilage is a non-innervated and non-vascularized tissue. It is composed of one main cell type, the chondrocyte, which governs homeostasis within the cartilage tissue, but has low metabolic activity. Articular cartilage undergoes substantial stresses that lead to chondral defects, and inevitably osteoarthritis (OA) due to the low intrinsic repair capacity of cartilage. OA remains an incurable degenerative disease. In this context, several dietary supplements have shown promising results, notably in the relief of OA symptoms. In this study, we investigated the effects of collagen hydrolysates derived from fish skin (Promerim®30 and Promerim®60) and fish cartilage (Promerim®40) on the phenotype and metabolism of human articular chondrocytes (HACs). First, we demonstrated the safety of Promerim® hydrolysates on HACs cultured in monolayers. Then we showed that, Promerim® hydrolysates can increase the HAC viability and proliferation, while decreasing HAC SA-β-galactosidase activity. To evaluate the effect of Promerim® on a more relevant model of culture, HAC were cultured as organoids in the presence of Promerim® hydrolysates with or without IL-1β to mimic an OA environment. In such conditions, Promerim® hydrolysates led to a decrease in the transcript levels of some proteases that play a major role in the development of OA, such as Htra1 and metalloproteinase-1. Promerim® hydrolysates downregulated HtrA1 protein expression. In contrast, the treatment of cartilage organoids with Promerim® hydrolysates increased the neosynthesis of type I collagen (Promerim®30, 40 and 60) and type II collagen isoforms (Promerim®30 and 40), the latter being the major characteristic component of the cartilage extracellular matrix. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the use of Promerim® hydrolysates hold promise as complementary dietary supplements in combination with the current classical treatments or as a preventive therapy to delay the occurrence of OA in humans.