Laboratoire d'ethnologie et de sociologie comparative

Abstract Since landing in 2012, the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) onboard the Mars science laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover has encountered different local landscapes, which have induced variations in the local surface environment. The aim of this study is to include realistic and site‐specific local topography for any position in a radiation transport model, and to validate this modeling strategy by comparison with MSL/RAD results. We present a method that integrates complex planetary surface models into neutron transport simulations to assess how surface heterogeneities influence secondary neutron environments—combining flexible terrain representation with radiation transport modeling. By modeling the topography of the main sites traversed by the rover, we show and quantify the dependence of downward neutron intensity on topography, in particular on the blocking zenith angle, across the different energy ranges: thermal, epithermal, fast neutrons. Using a method involving the visible surface from an observation point, we reconstruct the additional albedo neutron environment created by the terrain as seen by MSL/RAD, using the Atmospheric RAdiation Model for Ionizing spectra on martian Surface (ARAMIS). In particular, we show that the terrain‐generated thermal neutron spectrum increases with greater topographic relief, while the flux of high‐energy neutrons (>1 MeV) decreases.

In the rural villages of the Sierra Madre region of Chiapas, women experiencing hardship show signs of emotional distress that are diagnosed as depression and anxiety by health professionals. In this study, we critically analyze the impact of a pilot mental health group intervention (Women’s Circles) facilitated by community mental health workers. The intervention consisted of eight structured sessions that included psychoeducation from a gender perspective, mindfulness exercises, interactive activities, arts and crafts, and sharing personal experiences. We carried out participant observation and 27 semi-structured interviews with the participants. The main outcomes were, first, that participants’ moods improved, and second, that the improvement was mainly due to gathering with others and having someone to talk to. In addition, we observed that lessons during the Circles were often prescriptive, which, rather than creating a space for reflection on personal experiences, imposed globalized views of mental health and gender. In sum, we describe both the positive impact this program had on mental well-being and the problematic spreading of psychoeducation.

In the rural villages of the Sierra Madre region of Chiapas, women experiencing hardship show signs of emotional distress that are diagnosed as depression and anxiety by health professionals. In this study, we critically analyze the impact of a pilot mental health group intervention (Women’s Circles) facilitated by community mental health workers. The intervention consisted of eight structured sessions that included psychoeducation from a gender perspective, mindfulness exercises, interactive activities, arts and crafts, and sharing personal experiences. We carried out participant observation and 27 semi-structured interviews with the participants. The main outcomes were, first, that participants’ moods improved, and second, that the improvement was mainly due to gathering with others and having someone to talk to. In addition, we observed that lessons during the Circles were often prescriptive, which, rather than creating a space for reflection on personal experiences, imposed globalized views of mental health and gender. In sum, we describe both the positive impact this program had on mental well-being and the problematic spreading of psychoeducation.

Theatre as an artistic and cultural activity has been the subject of academic speculation ever since the Greeks, but it was not until the beginning of the nineteenth century that European and American scholars institutionalized a field of theatre studies. A significant part of this new field’s self-definition involved a clear splitting away from traditional literary studies, within which theatre had previously had its academic home. The entire Western tradition, from the Greeks onward, considered the drama primarily as a branch of literature—the other basic divisions being the epic and the lyric. Traditionally theatre scholarship was based upon the literary text (Artistotle’s indifference to spectacle is an early and notorious example of this bias) and the actual process of the physical realization of this text, while not entirely ignored, was a matter of considerably less interest.

Cet article rassemble des échanges de messages, des restitutions d’observation parcellaires et des bribes de réflexion, issus de déambulations croisées dans un cimetière et un parc. Il rend compte d’une démarche collective en train de se faire dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche qui se demande comment raconter la vie et la mort de celles et ceux qui « ne comptent pas ».

Résumé. La rencontre avec la méthode du film d’observation de Kazuhiro Soda m’a permis de reconsidérer mon outillage technique et ma méthode de filmage des puissances d’agir des êtres vivants de l’estuaire de la Loire. Je l’ai testée lors d’une demi-journée de découverte des prairies submersibles où je fus guidé par un des rares éleveurs à pratiquer le baignage pour produire un regain d’herbe à la fin de l’été. L’approche relationnelle mise en œuvre au cours du montage cherche à rendre compte des vibrations qui animent ces marais, vibrations qui sont aussi à l’œuvre dans la relation avec les outils numériques récalcitrants de découpage et de montage des plans. Ce documentaire est mis peu à peu à l’épreuve afin de tester son ambition de soutenir l’œuvre des collectifs rencontrés et ainsi d’épaissir le présent.

Cet écrit revient sur plusieurs mises en écriture de ma recherche, des formes choisies pour restituer sous un autre format certaines thématiques anthropologiques, en en explorant les effets, en les destinant à certains usages ou publics, en les interrogeant pour en dégager les éventuelles pistes heuristiques. Il sera question du dispositif de recherche de ma pièce de théâtre, construite à partir des verbatims (ou mot à mot) de mes interlocuteurs, et publiée dans On ne badine pas avec le progrès (2016) ; d’un projet de techniques mixtes en cours, à partir de colorisation de photographies associées aussi aux mots exacts du terrain, présenté avec de premières planches en couleur ; et de deux retours sur expérience de projections de films, toutes deux survenues en novembre 2022. Entre formes et faires, il s’agira en effet de s’intéresser à « cette relation plastique, à ce va-et-vient constant entre fond et forme des savoirs » scientifiques, à la combinaison des possibles.

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Abstract Receiver function (RF) based studies have revealed the layered Martian crustal structure beneath the InSight, which provides key information about the composition, rock alteration, deep magma process, and thermal history of Mars. However, limited by the frequency and trade‐offs between the thickness and velocity, inverting RFs alone is difficult to provide an accurate image of the upper crust. Here, by achieving stable measurements of the apparent shear wave velocities ( V s ,app ) at different frequencies for high‐quality marsquakes, we perform a joint inversion with the RFs. Our crustal models differ from previous models by having an extra shallow structure in the upper crust, either a layer with a sharp velocity jump interface at 4.0 ± 0.9 km depth or a gradient structure with shear wave velocity increasing gradually from 1.1 ± 0.1 km/s near the surface to 1.7 ± 0.3 km/s at a depth of 6.0 ± 2.4 km, which well fits both RFs and V s ,app 's. Such an upper crustal velocity model is consistent with the depth‐decaying of porosity due to self‐compaction and indicates a highly porous upper crust with a surface porosity larger than 30%. Besides, a much higher porosity decay constant than that scaled from the Moon is derived, suggesting different mechanical properties of the lunar and Martian crust.

S’interroger sur la fonction formatrice de l’expérience renvoie à une série de questions : qu’est-ce que l’« expérience »? S’agit-il de former celui qui « fait » expérience ou celui qui n’a pas cette expérience ? Former pour quoi faire ? Comment faire « parler » l’expérience ? Quelle est l’articulation possible entre le pôle du savoir formel et celui de l’expérience ? L’auteur aborde ces questions en regardant l’histoire philosophique du concept d’expérience. Ce passage par la philosophie indique qu’il faut penser autre chose que ce qui a été pensé jusque-là par « expérience » pour pouvoir donner un sens à la question de savoir si elle est formatrice.