Laguna Pharmaceuticals (United States)

Background: A credible body of epidemiologic evidence documents elevated bladder cancer risk among patients with type 2 diabetes, but risk among those with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) has received less attention. We sought to identify and quantitatively synthesize epidemiologic data on the association between T1DM and incident bladder cancer. Methods: We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science through June 5, 2018, to identify non-redundant English language reports of original human data estimating the association between T1DM and incident bladder cancer addressing age as potential confounder. Additional citations were identified through hand searching efforts including a Google Scholar search, contacting authors, and retrieving citations in selected studies. Candidate reports were critically appraised by two independent reviewers, with conflicts resolved by consensus. Harmonized estimates of the T1DM-bladder cancer association were extracted from qualifying reports and synthesized by random effects meta-analysis. Findings: Among 7,673 reports identified in the search, 59 warranted critical full text review, and 4 described 7 non-redundant studies satisfying inclusion criteria (N=362 T1DM patients). Estimate of the overall summary odds ratio association was 1.07 (95% CI: 0.87-1.32; I2: 69.1%, p heterogeneity= 0.001; 7 studies). Gender-specific summary estimates were 1.40 (95% CI: 0.95-2.05; I2: 73.9%, p heterogeneity= 0.002; 6 studies) for females, and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.71-1.26; I2: 61.4%, p heterogeneity= 0.024; 6 studies) for males. Interpretation: Available data reveal a modest positive association between incident bladder cancer and T1DM that does not achieve statistical significance. Etiologic interpretation is precluded by indicators of heterogeneity and design limitations of contributing studies, primarily confounding by smoking and error in measurement of diabetes in referent groups. Disclosure H.B. Oskoui: None. D.D. Bogumil: None. L. Kysh: None. M. Barrett: None. K. Siegmund: None. V.K. Cortessis: None.

Journal Article A Death at Crooked Creek: The Case of the Cowboy, the Cigarmaker, and the Love Letter Get access A Death at Crooked Creek: The Case of the Cowboy, the Cigarmaker, and the Love Letter. By Wesson Marianne. (New York: New York University Press, 2013. xxvi + 379 pp. Illustrations, map, notes, index. $29.95.) Clark Secrest Clark Secrest Laguna Niguel, California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Western Historical Quarterly, Volume 45, Issue 1, Spring 2014, Pages 93–94, https://doi.org/10.2307/westhistquar.45.1.0093a Published: 01 February 2014

From 1930 to 1990 annual age-adjusted breast cancer death rates for women in the United States remained remarkably constant, oscillating around 32 deaths per 100,000 over 60 years. During this long time-frame, the surgical treatment of breast cancer evolved from radical mastectomy with mandatory lymph node dissection to lumpectomy coupled with radiation therapy. With this new paradigm, lymph node dissection was reserved for women with tumor-invaded axillary lymph nodes. Beginning in the 1970s, chemotherapy after surgery (adjuvant) and before surgery (neoadjuvant) was added to surgical treatment. The radical diminution in the scope of breast surgery did not alter the national breast cancer death rate. Doing less surgery was neither harmful nor beneficial to long-term survival from breast cancer. In the 1980s two events changed this static picture: the addition of tamoxifen to adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and the introduction of mammography. Beginning in 1990 annual breast cancer death rates in the United States began to fall, and have continued to fall each year since then. In 2001, the last year of published statistics, the breast cancer death rate was 26 deaths per 100,000. Best estimates for where to credit this dramatic drop in death rate place approximately 50% of the credit with improved adjuvant chemotherapy and 50% with mammography. Abnormal mammograms demand a breast biopsy since only one in five abnormal mammograms is actually a breast cancer. Consequently, widespread adoption of mammography has produced an image-guided breast biopsy industry in the United States. Open, surgical breast biopsy has been replaced with image-guided breast biopsy because improved breast biopsy tools have made image-guided breast biopsy equivalent in accuracy to open, surgical breast biopsy. These tools, in turn, have changed the professional lives of surgeons, pathologists, and mammographers, leading to the development of dedicated breast surgeons, breast pathologists, and interventional breast radiologists.

Image-guided breast biopsy programs are a clinical reality at breast care centers throughout the world. Because image-guided biopsy is a departure from traditional surgical breast biopsy, the quality of each new image-guided breast biopsy program should be measured. A generalized scheme for quality evaluation will be presented. The most complex part of this scheme is the comparison of tissue samples obtained by image-guided biopsy with tissue samples subsequently obtained during surgery. Because image-guided biopsy programs retrieve histology specimens that are microscopically as valid as histology obtained from open surgery, comparing the histology from an image-guided breast biopsy with the histology from an open surgical biopsy is complex. One cannot use the well-known method of determining false-negative and false-positive rates. In addition, breast histology, itself, is quite complex. Some benign breast disease is quite focal and specific, such as fibroadenomas. Other benign breast disease is diffuse and not very specific, such as fibrocystic abnormalities. Furthermore, malignant breast disease is part of a histology spectrum starting with normal-looking breast tissue with atypical features, progressing to carcinoma in situ, and ending, finally, with infiltrating breast cancer. To illustrate how histological comparisons should be made for breast tissue, published results from a large, nationally funded study will be re-examined using the proposed scheme. Although the breast biopsy, itself, may seem like the hard work of a new breast biopsy program, it is not. After the first year of the program, follow-up of women who have been biopsied is the true, back-breaking, hard work. How a breast center should perform air-tight follow-up will be described.

Journal Article Brothels, Bordellos, & Bad Girls: Prostitution in Colorado, 1860–1930 Get access Brothels, Bordellos, & Bad Girls: Prostitution in Colorado, 1860–1930. By MacKell Jan. Foreword by Thomas J. Noel. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004. xviii + 310 pp. Illustrations, appendices, glossary, notes, reading list, index. $24.95.) Clark Secrest Clark Secrest Laguna Niguel, California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Western Historical Quarterly, Volume 36, Issue 4, Winter 2005, Pages 528–529, https://doi.org/10.2307/25443263 Published: 01 November 2005

Evil, Good, and Gender Facets of the Feminine in Zoroastrian Religious History, Jamsheed K. Choksy, Toronto Studies in Religion, Vol. 28, New York: Peter Lang, 2002, ISBN 0-8204-56640, 166 pp., bibliography and index. - Volume 37 Issue 2