Lahore Leads University

This research article provides a detailed analysis of the punishments for alcohol consumption, adultery, and slander (Qazf) during the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and examines them in a comparative framework with the interpretations and ijtihad of contemporary Islamic jurists. During the period of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, the limits prescribed by Shariah were not only clear and strict but were also intended to ensure social discipline, moral training, judicial transparency, and the protection of human dignity. The prohibition of alcohol, the punishments for adultery, and the strict evidentiary requirements in cases of slander formed the foundation of judicial and social policies of that era. Their enforcement promoted fear of God, justice, and moral upbringing in society.The study also highlights that contemporary jurists, while preserving the spirit of classical limits, have provided ijtihadi interpretations suitable for addressing complex social, legal, and ethical issues of the present era. Modern scholars suggest that in the implementation of punishments for alcohol, adultery, and slander, flexibility, consideration of social conditions, and respect for human rights should be taken into account. In this way, Islamic limits can be harmonized with contemporary judicial systems, international laws, and human rights standards, ensuring justice, morality, and peace in society.The comparative analysis of classical policies and contemporary jurisprudence indicates that while the principled stability of Islamic law is maintained, practical implementation is possible through ijtihad. This review also shows that Shariah is not merely a legal code but a practical and flexible system that promotes social balance, moral development, and judicial justice. Furthermore, ijtihadi interpretations have the capacity to implement Islamic limits effectively, ethically, and practically in accordance with contemporary global challenges, international laws, and social circumstances.This study critically examines historical and contemporary jurisprudential sources, including Hadith, Quranic verses, classical fatwas, and modern fiqh literature, providing an academic foundation for understanding how the limits on alcohol, adultery, and slander in Islamic law remain effective in promoting social justice, judicial transparency, and ethical conduct across eras.

This study critically examines the concept of approver evidence and its role in proving criminal conspiracy under Pakistani law. An approver, being an accomplice who turns state witness, occupies a controversial yet significant position within the criminal justice system. The research analyzes the legal framework governing approvers under the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Qanun-e-Shahadat Order, highlighting the procedural requirements for tender of pardon and the evidentiary value of accomplice testimony. It further evaluates judicial principles developed by Pakistani courts regarding corroboration, reliability, and safeguards against misuse. Particular attention is given to conspiracy cases, where direct evidence is often scarce and reliance on insider testimony becomes crucial. The study argues that while approver evidence can effectively uncover complex criminal networks, strict judicial scrutiny and corroboration are essential to prevent false implication and ensure fair trial guarantees. The paper concludes with recommendations to strengthen procedural safeguards and enhance the credibility of such testimony.

This study investigates gender-based differences in the use of lexical features in SMS text messaging among Pakistani university students. With the rapid expansion of mobile-mediated communication, SMS has become a significant site for examining informal and innovative language practices influenced by social factors such as gender. Adopting a qualitative and descriptive research design, the study draws data from a purposive sample of 100 university students (50 male and 50 female), aged 21–24, enrolled at the University of the Punjab, Government College University, and the University of Education. A total of 300 SMS messages were collected over three days and analyzed using content analysis within the framework of Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis (CMDA). The study focuses on four key lexical features: initialisms, clippings, contractions, and letter–number homophones. The findings reveal clear gendered patterns in SMS communication. Male participants showed a higher frequency of initialisms, clippings, and contractions, reflecting a preference for brevity and efficiency. In contrast, female participants used letter–number homophones more frequently, indicating a more expressive and creative texting style. The study concludes that gender plays a significant role in shaping lexical choices in SMS discourse within the Pakistani sociocultural context.

Tuberculosis is one of the most dangerous health conditions on the globe. As it affects thehuman body, tuberculosis is an infectious illness. According to the World Health Organization, roughly1.7 million individuals get TB throughout their lifetimes. Pakistan ranks fifth among high-burdennations and is responsible for 61% of the TB burden within the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region.Various methods and procedures exist for the early identification of TB. However, all methods andtechniques have their limits. Most currently known approaches for detecting TB rely on model-basedlung segmentation. The primary purpose of the proposed study is to identify pulmonary TB utilisingchest X-ray (Poster Anterior) lung pictures processed using image processing and machine learningmethods. The recommended study introduces a unique model segmentation strategy for TB identification.For classification, CNN and Google Net. Other systems based on deep learning are used. Thebest accuracy attained by the suggested method utilising Google Net on merged datasets was 89.58percent. The recommended study will aid in the detection and accurate diagnosis of TB.

ABSTRACT The ChatGPT application is widely utilised across diverse research domains; however, its adoption within educational libraries remains limited. This study investigates the integration of ChatGPT into online academic libraries and introduces a ChatGPT‐based framework designed to enhance user experience and service delivery. The framework was evaluated using two empirical metrics: the user satisfaction score (USS) and the resource engagement rate (RER). The evaluation results indicate that ChatGPT prompts can generate realistic scenarios and facilitate active role‐playing, thereby improving the quality and variety of library services. Empirical data show that the proposed approach achieved high USS values, ranging from 4.4 to 4.8 out of 5, while RER increased to 79.5% between January and May 2023. These findings suggest that ChatGPT has considerable potential to strengthen educational library services. Specifically, its integration supports personalised assistance, timely responses and access to subject‐specific expertise. Moreover, AI‐driven Chatbots can curate digital resources, design tailored learning pathways and promote self‐directed learning. Beyond individual support, ChatGPT contributes to collaborative learning environments and ensures users’ access to current and diverse information resources.

Pharmaceutical technology has increasingly integrated artificial intelligence (AI) in recent years. This technology offers significant benefits, including saving time and money while enhancing the understanding of the relationships between various formulation and process parameters. To address both specific and complex challenges, AI leverages human expertise and continually learns from the solutions it produces. Remarkable advances in processing power and AI capabilities could revolutionize drug development. However, the pharmaceutical industry currently faces challenges such as reduced efficiency and rising R&D costs, which hinder its ability to maintain medication development programs. Clinical trials, medication repurposing, drug discovery and development, and improved pharmaceutical production are just a few of the aspects of the pharmaceutical sector where artificial intelligence is increasingly being used. Additionally, by finding qualified individuals, forecasting treatment outcomes, and optimizing accuracy and speed, AI enhances the clinical trial process. AI makes precision treatment possible in personalized medicine by evaluating patient data and forecasting each patient's reaction to treatments.

To establish identification, individuals often utilize biometrics so that their identity cannot beexploited without their consent. Collecting biometric data is getting easier. Existing smartphones andother intelligent technologies can discreetly acquire biometric information. Authentication throughfinger vein imaging is a biometric identification technique based on a vein pattern visible underfinger's skin. Veins are safeguarded by epidermis and cannot be duplicated. This research focuses onthe consistent characteristics of veins in fingers. We collected invariant characteristics from severalcutting-edge deep learning techniques before classifying them using multiclass SVM. We used publiclyavailable image datasets of finger veins for this purpose. Several assessment criteria and a comparisonof different deep learning approaches were used to characterize the performance and efficiency ofthese models on the SDUMLA-HMT dataset.

In 2025, internet shutdowns are increasingly employed as instruments of digital repression, with 296 recorded instances across 54 countries, representing a 35% rise compared to prior yearsenabling governments to suppress dissent, manipulate the flow of information, and infringe upon civil liberties. This study critically examines the legal, human-rights, and governance challenges posed by such shutdowns at both international and national levels. On the international front, indiscriminate internet restrictions violate rights protected under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), particularly Article 19 concerning freedom of expression, and contravene United Nations resolutions that condemn arbitrary limitations on online access. At the national level, the protection of digital rights is inconsistent: while certain judiciaries have recognized the internet as a medium through which fundamental rights can be exercised, statutory frameworks often lack clarity, procedural safeguards, and transparency. Through an in-depth analysis of the landmark case Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020), this research illustrates how courts have begun to implement safeguards, including the principles of legality, necessity, proportionality, publication of shutdown orders, and periodic review, while also highlighting gaps in enforcement and compliance. Key issues addressed in this study include the legal standards governing internet suspensions, the effectiveness of judicial and institutional oversight, and the social, economic, and political consequences of prolonged shutdowns. Furthermore, the study explores how international human-rights norms can be incorporated into domestic legislation. By examining comparative legal frameworks, case law, and policy responses, this research proposes a normative approach to strengthen accountability, protect digital rights, and prevent the misuse of internet shutdowns as a tool of repression.

Artificial intelligence has become a design force changing the main pillars of international order, such as sovereignty, legal independence, and the power distribution in the world. As algorithms infiltrate national security, economic policy, administration of people, war, they are undermining the premises on which the international law and the making of political choices has rested. The paper is a qualitative study, which discusses how artificial intelligence relates to the re-forming of authority, responsibility and influence in world politics. It claims that artificial intelligence undermines classical conceptions of territorial sovereignty, eliminates the monopoly of decision making by states, giving greater power to non-state structures and businesses, and intensifies competition on a strategic level. The analysis will be based on the latest literature, policy documents and legal debates to demonstrate that artificial intelligence makes accountability more complex and breaks the juridical systems as well as introduces the new sources of digital influence. The paper supplies that the international law governance should be developed to guarantee transparency, accountability, fair access to artificial intelligence facilities, and human control. Devoid of active reform, artificial intelligence may weaken international stability and increase inequalities, and establish new spheres of technological domination.

Токенізація активів реального сектору стає дедалі більш популярною серед інвесторів, що посилює вплив цієї тенденції на глобальні ринки капіталу. Метою роботи був аналіз поточного стану ринку токенізованих активів та дослідження гіпотетичного впливу цього ринку на глобальні ринки капіталу. В роботі було використано методи статистичного аналізу, кореляційного аналізу, регресійного аналізу, метод ARIMA, тестування за допомогою теста Грейнджера. В результаті дослідження було відзначено прогнозне зростання ринку токенізованих активів у 27 разів у 2030 році порівняно з 2023 роком, що свідчить про посилення їх впливу на глобальні ринки капіталу. Аналіз засвідчив позитивну залежність ринкової капіталізації токена PAXG від ціни золота. Також було виявлено, що волатильність токена вища, ніж фізичного золота, що робить його більш нестабільним у короткостроковій перспективі. За тестом Грейнджера було підтверджено причинно-наслідковий вплив ціни золота на ринкову капіталізацію PAXG у короткостроковій перспективі, тоді як зворотний вплив капіталізації токена на ціну золота не виявлено. Регресійний аналіз продемонстрував, що ціна золота може пояснити близько 44,5% варіації ринкової капіталізації PAXG, однак існують і інші значущі фактори впливу. Прогнозні тенденції показали, що капіталізація токена випереджає зростання ціни золота, тож можна припустити, що подальше зростання ринку токенів може чинити вплив на ціну фізичного золота. Подальші дослідження можуть стосуватися оцінки впливу інших класів токенізованих активів на глобальні ринки капіталу.