Language Computer (United States)

This study investigated lexical access and executive control in adults who do (AWS) and do not stutter (AWNS) via phonemic and semantic fluency tasks. Analysis of the participants' accurate responses, as well as clustering (i.e., organization of responses into subgroups) and switching (i.e., shifting between subgroups), provided insight into which processes (e.g., word storage, strategic search) are particularly challenging for AWS and contribute to their diminished lexical access abilities. Thirty-two AWS and 32 well-matched AWNS generated as many words as possible in 60 s, which began with a specific letter of the alphabet (i.e., F, A, and S) or belonged to a specific semantic category (e.g., animals, supermarket). Mixed-effects model analyses revealed that AWS produced significantly fewer accurate responses than AWNS did in phonemic fluency but not in semantic. No differences in clustering were found between the two groups. Lastly, AWS had significantly fewer switches than AWNS did. Poorer performance in phonemic fluency and fewer switches suggest weaker lexical access for phonological information and executive control abilities in AWS compared to AWNS. The lack of between-group differences in semantic fluency and clustering suggests that word storage and organization of long-term memory seem intact in AWS.

This study aims to analyse the difficulties faced by English as foreign language (EFL) learners when using English as the medium of instruction in the classroom and to indicate the significance of understanding English vocabulary to assist in classrooms where English is the primary medium of instruction. Adopting a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional design, the research aims to identify the linguistic, psychological, pedagogical and contextual difficulties that hinder effective use of English for academic purposes and the medium of instruction in the classroom. To collect the quantitative data, a structured questionnaire instrument was administered to 100 EFL teachers in the Gezira State of Sudan. The questionnaire was validated by experts in the field and tested for reliability. It measured three main variables: linguistic challenges in English-Medium Instruction (EMI) classes, psychological/social aspects that impact engagement, and the potential to establish supportive teaching strategies. The study found the following: the linguistic barriers that EFL learners face in English as a Medium of Instruction settings, including vocabulary comprehension affects directly in the level of student engagement, aa well as the cultural differences affecting student engagement on classroom., as well as there are many effective teaching strategies that enhance EFL learners' engagement and understanding in EMI classrooms. The research concludes that challenges in Sudanese EMI classrooms can be addressed with a complex intervention. It suggests that EMI classrooms in Sudan require a holistic, student-centered approach that integrates language support, culturally responsive pedagogy, and institutional teacher training to foster an inclusive and effective learning environment.

International research over the last decade has put increasing emphasis on the need for long-term, structured therapeutic input. Longitudinal studies indicate that sustained speech-language intervention strengthens vocabulary acquisition, symbolic communication, narrative skills, and engagement in reciprocal interactions. Existing literature related to Pakistan is limited due to short follow up period and is insufficient to provide robust outcomes. Therefore, this study focused on longitudinal study extended up to fourteen months under the strict and controlled surveillance of professionals. The main aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of sustained speech therapy over children with ASD. The present longitudinal study was carried out for fourteen months from the period January 2024 to February 2025. In two reputable institute of Karachi, Pakistan. The study set criterion for the selection of age of children, and children were selected between 4 to 8 years of old and were also registered within those institutes. It was also made sure that these children must be enrolled in Speech therapies programs. The consent of parents was taken in written form. ATEC was used to capture behavioral and communicational functioning, and well-structured observational checklists were used for the assessment of spontaneous verbal behavior, joint attention episodes, and social communication indicators during their therapy sessions. The results depict the effectiveness of speech therapy in which baseline, midterm and final score records are shown for the 14 months of intervention period. Appearance in an upward trajectory for the participants with the score of baselines averaging in the mid forty (40), with follow-up of steady rise of 10 points by the evaluation of midterm and with an addition of 10 to 12 points in the final assessment. This study could contribute to devising a policy framework at government for the children with ASD and may assist the understanding of global research community for the assessment contextual based impact.

The widespread availability of electronic payment systems has transformed money-making transactions for both consumers and merchants. Convenience has been bought at a cost, however, in terms of disproportionately ballooning fraudulently made transactions and thus real security and confidence problems for the systems. Machine learning (ML) has been a valuable asset in the fight against detecting and preventing frauds in real-time based on its capacity to process large amounts of transactional data and detect unusual patterns. This current paper is an essay on how the utilization of machine learning techniques to fraud detection in electronic payment systems is beneficial and has limitations inherent to their utilization. Some of the most paramount challenges include class imbalance in the fraud data, explainability needs of ML models, and dynamic patterns of fraud and their need for adaptive models. As countermeasures for these challenges, we introduce current-state algorithms such as supervised, unsupervised, and hybrid and new algorithms such as ensemble learning, transfer learning, and auto feature engineering. Other than that, we also take into consideration the significance of interpretability and ethical motivations for utilizing ML-based fraud detection systems. Our findings gathered confirm that merging sophisticated machine learning techniques with domain knowledge will greatly improve the ability of detection without compromising system explainability and fairness. This paper discusses the problem of bridging the gap for the creation of strong, large-scale, and reliable fraud detection systems in facilitating extended construction and integrity of digital payment systems.

يمثل اللون بعدا حقيقيا محسوسا ومرئيا في الوجود أجمعه ، وقد استعار الشعراء تأثيرات اللون في رسم الصور الفنية من التشكيليين لتكون وسما اصطبغت به أشعارهم , وكان للصوفيين سهم في هذه الاستعارات اتخذت اتجاهين : الأول ديني نفسي عبادي وكان ماثلا في طقوسهم وسلوكياتهم وأحوالهم , والثاني : أسقطوه من تلك الطقوس لتزيين أشعارهم وآثارهم الأدبية , وقد عمد الباحث إلى استقصاء مواطن الصياغة الفنية التي انتهجها الشاعر الصوفي في نصوصه الشعرية , مكونا الصورة الشعرية المعتمدة اللون كركيزة أساسية في البناء للنصوص الشعرية الصوفية , وقد نجح الشاعر الصوفي بنسبة ما في توظيف البعد اللوني بوصفه أحد أركان بناء الصورة الشعرية المتخيلة , جامعا بين مواجيده الصوفية وتهجداته المتفردة وبين الخيال الشعرية المتوافر في النصوص , وكان اللون القاسم المشترك بين الاثنين .

In the realm of audiovisual emotion recognition, a significant challenge lies in developing neural network architectures capable of effectively harnessing and integrating multimodal information. This study introduces an advanced methodology for the Empathic Virtual Agent Challenge (EVAC), utilizing state-of-the-art speech, language, and image models. Specifically, we leverage cutting-edge pre-trained models, including multilingual variants fine-tuned in French for each modality, and integrate them using late fusion techniques. Through extensive experimentation and validation, we demonstrate the efficacy of our approach in achieving competitive results on the challenge dataset. Our findings highlight that multimodal approaches outperform unimodal methods across Core Affect Presence and Intensity and Appraisal Dimensions tasks, underscoring the effectiveness of integrating diverse modalities. This underscores the importance of leveraging multiple sources of information to capture nuanced emotional states more accurately and robustly in real-world applications.

XV. yüzyılda yaşayan, Hocazâde Muslihuddin Efendi (öl. 893/1488) gibi dönemin âlimlerinden ders alan Yûsuf b. Hüseyin el-Kirmâstî (öl. 900/1494), Bursa’nın Kirmâst (Mustafakemalpaşa) ilçesindendir. II. Bâyezid (1481-1512) dönemi kadılarından olan Kirmâstî, İstanbul’da Kirmâstî adında bir medrese kurmuştur. Sahn-ı Semân başta olmak üzere dönemin farklı medreselerinde müderrislik yaptıktan sonra yargı alanına geçerek Bursa ve İstanbul’da kadılık vazifesini icra etmiştir. Kadılık görevi esnasında aldığı adil kararları ve cesaretli duruşundan dolayı II. Bâyezid’in takdirini kazanmıştır. İstanbul’da bir mescid, bir medrese bir de mektebi olduğu bilinmektedir. Ancak bu yapılar günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Memleketi Kirmâstî’de de bir mektebi olduğu bilinmektedir. Kirmâstî, 900/1494 yılında vefat etmiş ve Fatih Câmii’nde inşa ettiği mektebinin yanına defnedilmiştir. Bu çalışmada belâgat, bedî’, beyân, usûl, fıkıh, münâzara ve akâid gibi dönemin din ve dil ilimlerinde yetkin bir âlim olması hasebiyle Kirmâstî’nin günümüz akademik dünyasına yeni bir perspektifle yeniden takdim edilmesi ve el-Muhtâr fi’l-me‘ânî ve’l-beyân isimli eseri özelinde el-muhassinât el-ma‘neviyye bedî‘î üslupların incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Böylece önem arz eden bu Osmanlı âlimi ve eserleri tanıtıldıktan sonra el-Muhtâr fi’l-me‘ânî ve’l-beyân” isimli eseri özelinde el-muhassinât el-ma‘neviyye bedî‘î üsluplar incelenerek ilgililerin dikkatine sunulmuştur.

تمثل اللّهجة وسيلة للتفاهم بين الناس أو قدرة الإنسانية للتعبير عن الأغراض والحاجات ، فهي تدّل على طريقة الكلام التي نشأ عليها الإنسان وترعرع؛ لأّن طريقة اللّسان هي من تُنبئ عن سمات تلك القبيلة أو غيرها. عندها مثّلت بيئة لغويّة معيّنة كانت رافدًا تصّب في عمليّة التواصل اللّغوي على اعتبار أّن اللّغة هي أصوات يعّبُر بها كّل قوم عن أغراضهم وحاجاتهم، وهذا الأمر جعل من اللّهجة ميدانًا واسعًا للبحث اللّغوي خاّصة والبحث بشكل عام، فهي تُنطق كما سمعت عن أهلها. ومن هنا كان التسابق بين العلماء العرب القدامى والمحدثين ولاسيما المستشرقين لرصد هذه اللّهجات وتصنيفها وفقًا للمستوى الذي تندرج فيه، فمنها: الصوتيّة، والصرفيّة، والنحويّة، والدلاليّة. وما يهمنا من هذا هو الدراسات الاستشراقية(آراء المستشرقين في اللهجات العربية القديمة) ومحاولة دراسة الاستشراق اللغوي في شقّه اللهجي، أي الدراسات التي اهتّمت باللهجات العربيّة في ضوء أعمالهم ودراساتهم ومناهجهم المعتمدة في ذلك ، فقد كان للمستشرقين بغض النظر عن أهدافهم دور كبير في إحياء دراسة اللهجات العربية ، والاهتمام بها دراسة وتحقيقًا وتصنيفًا وفهرسة .

This study delves into the varied sentiments and attitudes prevalent across the different sectors related to integrating Artificial intelligence (AI). Understanding how sectors perceive and embrace these changes is crucial for informed decision-making and policy formulation as AI technologies continue to thrive in industries. Artificial intelligence is making waves in 2023 as businesses, consumers, and the government benefit from this technology, promising new opportunities, economic growth, and the transformation of different industries. There was so much propaganda surrounding artificial intelligence based on economic factors such as employment, education, income patterns, housing, and food security, and with time, these issues have been proven true or false. AI will have a broadly beneficial effect on society.

The objective of this research is to connect Arabic theoretical linguistics with modern linguistics, not by disregarding the present and attributing the later theories solely to Arab grammarians and rhetoricians, as has often been assumed. Rather, this research aims to qualitatively explore the linguistic accomplishments of ancient Arab scholars from a contemporary perspective and identify commonalities and controversies between past and present perspectives. Specifically, this study focuses on Sibawayh's interpretation of functional linguistics and its final formulation by Jakobson. Additionally, the study aims to analyse and compare the principles of language and grammar advocated by ancient Arab linguists and contemporary linguists to deepen our understanding of language and its role in human society. The results of this study reveal that while Sibawayh concentrated on the analysis of structure and function in Arabic grammar, modern linguists such as Jakobson have broadened their approach to include a wider range of perspectives including sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and neurolinguistics. Therefore, it is essential to acknowledge the contributions of Sibawayh as his work formed the foundation for language theories in general and linguistics in particular.