Leech Lake Tribal College

Antioxidant activity and UV opacity potential of 'aloe gel' has been documented prior to our study, but it was not compared with other forms of aloe processed by traditional methods like drying over flame (agnitapi) and drying under sun (suryatapi).Lower DPPH scavenging activity and lower UV opacity potential with lyophilized crude aloe gel was observed in previous study.Prior study did not give an idea about how much concentration of the aloe material can block more than 93.3 % of UVB radiation.Processing of aloe leaf is labour intensive and time consuming operation, hence herbal product manufacturers use different ready to use 'aloe materials' to manufacture herbal products, hence there is need of such materials.This study was aimed to find out suitable aloe material that can be used as an ingredient in topical antioxidant UV protective formulation.Leaves of Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.Syn.Aloe barbadensis Mill.were processed by different methods to obtain dry solid aloe materials which are named as Agnitapi kanyasara, Suryatapi kanyasara and Vacuum dried aloe gel.Agnitapi kanyasara (AK) was prepared by drying aloe leaf juice including yellow sap by heating overmild flame.Suryatapi kanyasara (SK) was prepared by drying aloe leaf juice without yellow sap under sunlight.Vacuum dried aloe gel (VG) was prepared from aloe leaf juice (mucilaginous liquid gel) without yellow sap by applying ethanol precipitation and vacuum drying technique.Suitability of the aloe material out of AK, SK and VG was decided on the basis of presence of desirable constituents (phenol and polysaccharide), absence of undesirable constituents (aloe anthraquinone), possessing desirable activities that is DPPH radical scavenging activity (DRSA) and UV radiation blocking activity (UVBA).AK was found to contain aloe anthraquinones which are known to cause allergic skin reaction on topical use.It was found that SK does not contains aloe anthraquinones, it contains phenol and polysaccharide.It was found that VG does not contains aloe anthraquinones and phenols, it contai polysaccharide.SK and VG have shown positive test for protein also.At equal concentrations AK, SK and VG shown DRSA and UVBA in the order AK > SK > VG.AK shown highest DRSA and UVBA, but it was found to contain aloe anthraquinone which are undesirable in topical formulation.VG have shown lowest DRSA and UVBA.SK shown 46.02% and 65.19% DRSA when 20 mg in 5 ml and 30 mg in 5 ml quantity was used, respectively.SK has shown more than 97% UVBA when 20 mg/ml and 30 mg/ ml quantity was used to prepare sample solutions.Out of the studied, aloe materials, AK, SK and VG, Suryatapi kanyasara (SK) was found as suitable material to use as an ingredient in topical antioxidant UV protective formulation.Suryatapi kanyasara (SK) was found to contain more than one constituent from aloe leaf, hence it is a mixture.At the outset, it is noted that AK is a suitable aloe material for unani or ayurvedic oral formulation intended to treat constipation and digestion problems where purgative action due to antharquinone is required.Established analytical methods, materials and instruments feasible to individual researcher and small scale entrepreneur having low financial budget were effectively used in this study, so that it can be helpful to them.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind.

Gaming Law ReviewVol. 26, No. 2 Interviews & RoundtablesRoundtable Discussion: State of the States in Gaming 2K21: A Legal and Regulatory Overview on the Rapidly Developing Sports Betting and I-Gaming in the United StatesModerator: Alexander Denton, Participants: Jessica Feil, Jennifer Gaynor, Peter Larson, and Louis TrombettaModerator: Alexander DentonAlexander Denton is Counsel with the law firm of Robbins Ross Alloy Belinfante Littlefield LLC in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.Search for more papers by this author, Participants: Jessica FeilJessica Feil is Vice President of the Government Relations and Gaming Policy Council for the American Gaming Association in Washington, District of Columbia, USA.Search for more papers by this author, Jennifer GaynorJennifer Gaynor is a gaming and government relations attorney based in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.Search for more papers by this author, Peter LarsonPeter Larson is a Partner in the Tribal Affairs, Public Finance, and Gaming practice groups at Lewis Roca Rothgerber Christie LLP in Phoenix, Arizona, USA.Search for more papers by this author, and Louis TrombettaLouis Trombetta is Director of the Division of Pari-Mutuel Wagering at the Forida Department of Business and Professional Regulation in Tallahassee, Florida, USA.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:9 Mar 2022https://doi.org/10.1089/glr2.2022.0002AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail View articleFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 26Issue 2Mar 2022 InformationCopyright 2022, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishersTo cite this article:Moderator: Alexander Denton, Participants: Jessica Feil, Jennifer Gaynor, Peter Larson, and Louis Trombetta.Roundtable Discussion: State of the States in Gaming 2K21: A Legal and Regulatory Overview on the Rapidly Developing Sports Betting and I-Gaming in the United States.Gaming Law Review.Mar 2022.107-123.http://doi.org/10.1089/glr2.2022.0002Published in Volume: 26 Issue 2: March 9, 2022Keywordssports bettingus gamblingregulationPDF download

This article examines the amnesty powers granted to a variety of truth commissions (TC). It considers whether the process by which TCs are able to recommend for perpetrators who cooperate with TCs (and usually provide truth) has ensured that such individuals come forward and cooperate with these institutions. This is decisive, as TCs everywhere experience difficulties in obtaining perpetrator cooperation and testimony. Crucially, unlike the South African TC, which had the power to directly grant amnesty, later TCs have only been able to recommend, to their governments, that amnesty be granted to specific persons who meet criteria laid out in the specific TC’s legal mandate. The article therefore examines the efficacy of TC amnesty powers in South Africa, Grenada, Indonesia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Nepal, Timor-Leste/Indonesia, Liberia, Kenya, South Korea, and Timor-Leste. All these institutions had different provisions as to when, and for what reasons they could make a recommendation that amnesty be given (besides the South African TC which could directly grant amnesty). This article touches on some of the problems that may occur during such processes that need careful attention to ensure that perpetrators enter such conditional amnesty processes, and tell the truth once they do. The lessons learnt from the various TC amnesty processes are brought to the fore to determine what future TCs ought to bear in mind should it be decided to use conditional amnesty methods.

We study the effect of citrate to gold molar ratio (X) on the size of citrated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). This dependence is still a matter of debate for X $\ge$ 3 where the polydispersity is yet minimized. Indeed, there is no consensus between experiments proposed so far for comparable experimental conditions. Nonetheless, the sole available theoretical prediction has never been validated experimentally in this range of X. We show unambiguously using 3 techniques (UV-Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and transmission electronic microscopy), 2 different synthetic approaches (Direct, Inverse) and 10 X values for each approach that AuNPs' size decay as a monoexponential with X. This result is, for the first time, in agreement with the sole available theoretical prediction by Kumar et al. on the whole studied range of X.

The low-mass X-ray binary Cen X-4 is the brightest and closest (<1.2 kpc) quiescent neutron star transient. Previous 0.5-10 keV X-ray observations of Cen X-4 in quiescence identified two spectral components: soft thermal emission from the neutron star atmosphere and a hard power-law tail of unknown origin. We report here on a simultaneous observation of Cen X-4 with NuSTAR (3-79 keV) and XMM-Newton (0.3-10 keV) in 2013 January, providing the first sensitive hard X-ray spectrum of a quiescent neutron star transient. The 0.3-79 keV luminosity was 1.1 x 10^(33) erg/s (for D=1kpc), with around 60 percent in the thermal component. We clearly detect a cutoff of the hard spectral tail above 10 keV, the first time such a feature has been detected in this source class. We show that thermal Comptonization and synchrotron shock origins for the hard X-ray emission are ruled out on physical grounds. However, the hard X-ray spectrum is well fit by a thermal bremsstrahlung model with an 18 keV electron temperature, which can be understood as arising either in a hot layer above the neutron star atmosphere or in a radiatively-inefficient accretion flow (RIAF). The power-law cutoff energy may be set by the degree of Compton cooling of the bremsstrahlung electrons by thermal seed photons from the neutron star surface. Lower thermal luminosities should lead to higher (possibly undetectable) cutoff energies. We compare Cen~X-4's behavior with PSR J1023+0038, IGR J18245-2452, and XSS J12270-4859, which have shown transitions between LMXB and radio pulsar modes at a similar X-ray luminosity.

This paper presents a study of the polymer-filler interfacial effects on filler dispersion and mechanical reinforcement in Polystyrene (PS) / silica nanocomposites by direct comparison of two model systems: un-grafted and PS-grafted silica dispersed in PS matrix. The structure of nanoparticles has been investigated by combining Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) measurements and Transmission Electronic Microscopic (TEM) images. The mechanical properties were studied over a wide range of deformation by plate/plate rheology and uni-axial stretching. At low silica volume fraction, the particles arrange, for both systems, in small finite size non-connected aggregates and the materials exhibit a solid-like behavior independent of the local polymer/fillers interactions suggesting that reinforcement is dominated by additional long range effects. At high silica volume fraction, a continuous connected network is created leading to a fast increase of reinforcement whose amplitude is then directly dependent on the strength of the local particle/particle interactions and lower with grafting likely due to deformation of grafted polymer.

A static light scattering (SLS) study of bovine serum albumin (BSA) mixtures with two anionic graft copolymers of poly (sodium acrylate-co-sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulphonate)-graft-poly (N, N-dimethylacrylamide), with a high composition in poly (N, N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAM) side chains, revealed the formation of oppositely charged complexes, at pH lower than 4.9, the isoelectric point of BSA. The core-corona nanoparticles formed at pH = 3.00, were characterized. Their molecular weight and radius of gyration were determined by SLS, while their hydrodynamic radius was determined by dynamic light scattering. Small angle neutron scattering measurements were used to determine the radius of the insoluble complexes, comprising the core of the particles. The values obtained indicated that their size and aggregation number of the nanoparticles, were smaller when the content of the graft copolymers in neutral PDMAM side chains was higher. Such particles should be interesting drug delivery candidates, if the gastrointestinal tract was to be used.

We have studied the magnetization reversal dynamics of FeNi/Al$\_2$O$\_3$/Co magnetic tunnel junctions deposited on step-bunched Si substrates using magneto-optical Kerr effect and time-resolved x-ray photoelectron emission microscopy combined with x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD-PEEM). Different reversal mechanisms have been found depending on the substrate miscut angle. Larger terraces (smaller miscut angles) lead to a higher nucleation density and stronger domain wall pinning. The width of domain walls with respect to the size of the terraces seems to play an important role in the reversal. We used the element selectivity of XMCD-PEEM to reveal the strong influence of the stray field of domain walls in the hard magnetic layer on the magnetic switching of the soft magnetic layer.

The chemical selectivity and great sensitivity of the Extended X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy technique allowed the determination, in the paramagnetic phase, of the structural distortions induced by doping in the spin-Peierls CuGeO$_3$ compound. The distorted environments were analyzed as a function of concentration, magnetic nature of impurity and the substitution site (Ni, Mn and Zn impurities on the Cu site, Si impurity on the Ge site). This has led to estimate the variation of the angles and pair distances, and hence to evaluate the magnetic coupling along the Cu chains in the vicinity of the impurities. The antiferromagnetic interaction between Cu first neighbors in the pure sample is found to be weakened around Ni, almost cancelled in the case of Mn doping, and even to change sign, producing a ferromagnetic coupling for Si doping. More generally, the structural distortions on a local scale are shown to be key parameters for the understanding of the magnetic properties of doped spin-Peierls compounds.

We have revisited the epitaxial growth modes of Fe on W(110) and Mo(110), and propose an overview or our contribution to the field. We show that the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode, recognized for a long time in these systems, is in fact characterized by a bimodal distribution of islands for growth temperature in the range 250-700&deg;C. We observe firstly compact islands whose shape is determined by Wulff-Kaischev's theorem, secondly thin and flat islands that display a preferred height, ie independant from nominal thickness and deposition procedure (1.4nm for Mo, and 5.5nm for W on the average). We used this effect to fabricate self-organized arrays of nanometers-thick stripes by step decoration. Self-assembled nano-ties are also obtained for nucleation of the flat islands on Mo at fairly high temperature, ie 800&deg;C. Finally, using interfacial layers and solid solutions we separate two effects on the preferred height, first that of the interfacial energy, second that of the continuously-varying lattice parameter of the growth surface.