Linguistics University of Nizhny Novgorod

This article attempts to identify the influence of the teachings of Confucius on the development of the economy in China.The high pace of development of the country's economy, according to various experts, can be explained by a variety of reasons.Nevertheless, the fundamental condition for the development of any society is the high moral values of the members of this society.These values are formed in people, firstly, in the family, and secondly, on the basis of the state's ideological policy that prevails in society.The successes of China to a certain extent are provided by the support chosen by his leadership on the teachings of Confucius, which has exerted its influence on the development of Chinese society for two thousand years.

A systematic analysis of the readiness of the Republic of Kazakhstan for decarbonization and transition to a "green" economy has been carried out.The regulatory and legal framework for the functioning of the Kazakh Republic in new conditions is investigated.The existing objective and subjective obstacles to the implementation of the country's declared policy of decarbonization of the economy, including the traditional structure of the economy, are analyzed; the importance of extractive industries in the gross domestic product of the country, cronyism in the organization of public administration, a high level of corruption, as well as problems associated with the need to solve social problems.

The authors use parallels with the post-COVID global recovery in supply chains and reformatting tasks and participants in food markets and assess the growing threats of hunger, assess their transformation in the global food security agenda, which in some countries determines the poverty line, as well as the acceptable and alarming level required measures for the survival of entire peoples and industries under the influence of corporatocracy retortions and international reprisals and restrictions.The authors also take into account the consequences of climate warming and emerging challenges that complicate the problems of universal access to cheap and healthy food.

The study aims to identify the extralinguistic factors shaping condolence traditions in the German-speaking world within the frameworks of oral condolences, the epistolary genre of condolence, the speech genre of the obituary, and modern internet genres of condolence. Previously, the speech act of condolence was considered by linguists only from the perspective of pragmatic conditions of realization and selection of speech means. The study is novel in that it is the first one to identify and describe the main stages in the formation of condolence speech genres in German viewed through the lens of the dialectical development of extra-linguistic social reality. The results showed that the following circumstances (extralinguistic factors) had a significant influence on the traditions of expressing sympathy and condolences: the mythological consciousness of the Germanic peoples; the synthesis of pagan and Christian ideas about mercy towards disadvantaged groups of the population; the ritual nature of Catholic burial; and the pragmatic relations in medieval Western European society, which formed a specific etiquette-pragmatic potential of the speech act of condolence represented in various speech genres. Historical and axiological factors in the development of the notions of compassion and condolence are reflected at the language level, as demonstrated in the etymological analysis of related notions: ‘Mitgefühl’ (sympathy), ‘Mitleid’ (compassion), ‘Beileid’ and ‘Kondolenz’ (condolence), which form the semantic field of condolence in the German language.

When it comes to creating a notorious ideology, in the hands of those in power, language becomes a tool for consolidating a nation. Fascist Italy and militarist Japan are prime examples of the use of language as a means of uniting people in the name of proclaimed “new” values and ideals. In the present article the authors provide a detailed analysis of language policy in both countries: from the initial desire to unite the inhabitants of the country with the proclaimed order under the aegis of a single nation by means of language, to open hostility to any manifestations of heterogeneity, in particular to regional dialects or dialectal variants of the literary national language, to an open struggle against loan words, even those that had already been firmly established or consolidated in the domestic language. The study attempts to trace what changes happened to Italian and Japanese languages when intransigent parties had come to power with their ideologies; to analyze to what extent the language policies of Italy and Japan in the 1st half of the 20th century are similar and to what extent they differ; and we also summarise the results of such restrictive language policies after the World War II resulted in the said politicians’ defeat.

The article examines semantic and pragmatic features of the discursive complex i da (“and yes”). The relevance of the research is explained by the active inclusion of i da in contemporary speech practice, various genres and styles over the past decade, which was not observed before. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the element i da becomes the object of linguistic analysis for the first time. This study contributes to the understanding of the discursive complex i da in the context of modern linguistic practices. The findings of this research can be beneficial for further linguistic studies and practical applications. The element i da is not recorded in dictionaries and reference books, which also testifies to the novelty of the material presented in the article, which was extracted from the “National Corpus of the Russian Language”, the electronic media bank “Integrum”. The paper is also based to some degree on the personal observations of the authors. This study provides a fresh perspective on the linguistic element i da, contributing to the existing body of linguistic research. The research was conducted within the framework of the structural and descriptive method using semantic, syntactic, and contextual analysis. As a result, the main discursive role of the complex i da was established, i. e., maintaining the interactive nature of conversation through a ‘delayed response’ mechanism, which allows considering i da as a feedback marker. The discursive complex i da involves a real or potential (in the case of a monologue) interlocutor/opponent in the discourse, performing the role of a dialogic actualizer. The core seme of the complex (‘agreement’) can be explicitly supported by the context, and the addressee of the agreement can be not only the ‘other’ but also the speaker himself. The study reveals the rhetorical potential of i da in monologic speech. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the discursive complex i da, highlighting its role in dialogic actualization and its rhetorical potential in monologic speech. The variants of punctuation design of the complex i da identified during the research indicate the need for its further study and the creation of a theoretical basis for subsequent codification in punctuation guides. The study proposes a hypothesis about the appearance of i da in Russian as a result of calquing English phrases and yes / and yeah, which are of international nature. This research emphasizes the importance of further investigation into the discursive complex i da, its punctuation variants, and its origins in the Russian language.

A method for diagnosing autonomous diesel-generator units has been proposed, based on the use of artificial neural network technology. This method allows for a reduction in the time required for diagnosis without the need for a complete examination of the diagnostic object. The method enables a reduction in the number of checks needed to identify a faulty condition of an element by an average of 30%.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of artificial intelligence and neural networks in the framework of foreign language education. The authors analyze the possibilities of these digital resources in foreign languages teaching. The article discusses current issues of the development and implementation of neural networks, describes their technical and technological characteristics for the educational content development. It has been identified and presented both the teaching and evaluating potential of neural networks in the practice of foreign languages teaching. It is presented the algorithm of software implementation in the form of an application. The authors analyze the existing tools of neural networks, the range of their capabilities in organizing feedback to students and the additional conditions that arise in this regard for mastering a foreign language. The article provides an algorithm for developing educational content based on neural networks for the development of all types of foreign language speech activity. They are given some methodological recommendations that describe the advantages and limits of using neural networks in the practice of foreign language education.

Wstęp: Zdrowie psychiczne młodzieży jest cennym kapitałem społecznym. Przyszłość społeczeństwa będzie zależała od kondycji zdrowotnej, zwłaszcza w wymiarze psychicznym, młodego pokolenia. Inicjatywy rządu RP na rzecz ochrony zdrowia psychicznego dzieci i młodzieży dotyczą przede wszystkim wdrażania programów profilaktycznych oraz poprawy dostępności opieki psychiatryczno-psychologicznej. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie jakościowej analizy programu zdrowotnego pt. „Profilaktyka zaburzeń depresyjnych wśród młodzieży w wieku 16–17 lat”, przeprowadzonego na terenie województwa lubelskiego w 2015 roku. Realizacja programu przebiegała w trzech etapach: I — wczesnej diagnozy; II — psychoprofilaktyki; III — podsumowania i kontynuacji programu. Materiał i metody: Łącznie do programu przystąpiło 962 uczniów kształcących się w 18 szkołach ponadpodstawowych z 14 miejscowości, 3 subregionów województwa lubelskiego: bialskiego, chełmskiego i zamojskiego. Pełną ścieżkę wsparcia zrealizowało 900 uczniów (512 dziewczyn i 388 chłopców) w wieku 16–17 lat. Na etapie wczesnej diagnozy psychologicznej wśród badanej młodzieży przeprowadzono badania przesiewowe na podstawie Kwestionariusza Ogólnego Stanu Zdrowia (GHQ-12, General Health Questionnaire ) Davida Goldberga, Skali Depresji Becka (BDI, Beck Depression Inventory ) oraz Skali Depresji u Młodzieży według Kutchera (KADS, The Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale ), określających poziom natężenia stresu i zaburzeń depresyjnych oraz obecności i natężenia myśli, planów lub czynów samobójczych bądź samouszkadzających. Wyniki: Udział młodzieży w tym programie pozwolił na osiągnięcie celu głównego — wyłonienia grupy młodych osób zagrożonych wystąpieniem zaburzenia i objęcie ich pomocą specjalistyczną. Zrealizowane cele szczegółowe w zakresie zwiększenia zdolności nazywania i wyrażania emocji, wzrostu umiejętności społecznych i radzenia sobie ze stresem, poszerzenia świadomości na temat występowania depresji w okresie dojrzewania i sposobów jej leczenia, również przyczyniły się do zwiększenia możliwości przeciwstawienia się depresji oraz poprawy stanu zdrowia psychicznego młodzieży. Uczniowie wysoko ocenili przydatność programu. Prawie wszyscy — bo aż 94% dziewczyn i 89% chłopców — wskazali na to, że program jest „bardzo przydatny”, a pozostali, że „raczej przydatny”. Wnioski: Zaprezentowany program zdrowotny przemawia za koniecznością dalszego prowadzenia psychoprofilaktyki wśród młodzieży. Oprócz działań prewencyjnych, polegających na redukcji czynników ryzyka, warto wzmacniać czynniki ochronne, zwłaszcza prężność psychiczną (resilience) osób młodych.