MSD (Serbia)

In small cell lung cancer (SCLC), oxidative stress disrupts redox balance and contributes to tumor progression and treatment resistance through DNA damage, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. Thiol compounds such as glutathione (GSH) and cysteine (CyS) together with their oxidized forms (GSSG and CySS) serve as markers of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in GSH/GSSG and CyS/CySS ratios during chemotherapy and evaluate their potential as prognostic indicators in SCLC. In this longitudinal study, redox biomarkers (GSH/GSSG and CyS/CySS ratios) were investigated in 60 stage III/IV SCLC patients receiving cisplatin-etoposide chemotherapy. Plasma samples were collected before chemotherapy, after two cycles and after four cycles and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Significant redox changes were observed during chemotherapy. The GSH/GSSG ratio decreased after two cycles (p = 0.029) and increased after four cycles (p = 0.002). The same trend was observed for CyS/CySS dynamics (p = 0.031 and p = 0.030, respectively). The Survivors showed a recovery of the redox balance, while the deceased patients showed persistently lower ratios. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that a higher GSH/GSSG ratio before treatment (p = 0.037) predicted better survival. A positive correlation was found between GSH/GSSG and CyS/CySS ratios (ρ = 0.306, p = 0.019). This study demonstrates that redox imbalance reflected in GSH/GSSG and CyS/CySS ratios is an important factor for SCLC treatment response and survival. Higher GSH/GSSG ratios before treatment are associated with improved survival, indicating the potential of redox markers as prognostic tools in SCLC.

The paper will analyse the most recent modes of hybrid intelligence and generative design principles for possible application in architectural and urban studies.Such an objective follows the question of contributions to the body of work on hybrid algorithmic design arising from these studies and their infl uence on the way the fi eld can evolve as a consequence of various responses to urban and architectural requirements.Due to the inherent transdisciplinarity of the topic and the fact that explanation requires the convergence of a larger number of areas external to architectural and urban studies, adjacent scientifi c fi elds from where these studies have drawn primary sources of operative knowledge will enter a discussion.Considering the range of algorithmic AI and evolutionary attributes that support their advanced hybrid algorithmic structures and performances as either a major condition for achieving design goals or a key means to trace their way forward, it becomes important to properly explain the relationship that makes such design approach viable, involving: major concepts of human-machine interaction, human agents, and artifi cial agency of various abstract and technical character (abstract and real machines).Having considered the fact that generative principles from nature constitute the basis of all their machine-related interpretations and artifi cial life, through references explaining this view, the major part of the study will focus on the most recent algorithmic forms and forms of human-machine collaboration grounded in computer sciences, cognitive sciences, biotechnologies, and neurosciences, which result in the argued form of hybrid generative artifi cial intelligence (hybrid GenAI).With different algorithmic structures and types in mind, the study will try to establish a proper equivalent between the current algorithmic evolutionary and non-evolutionary strategies and generative design strategies, arriving at the latest design application of advanced computational practices related to postulated hybrid intelligence-hybridisation of artifi cial intelligence with human intelligence in a generative framework.

Due to the very small thickness of graphene, it is possible to greatly reduce the gate length in (ballistic field effect nanotransistors) field effect based on it without encountering common problems in 3D nanotransistors. In 3D tube nanotransistors, very high mobility of electrons in graphene promises to have a threshold frequency as well as greater mobility in the circuit. The main advantage of two-dimensional ballistic bipolar transistor devices is their very small and desirable power-delay processing criteria,which according to calculations reaches below 10fJ. Apart from graphene, other materials with a two-dimensional structure have been discovered, among which we can refer to silicene and germanene . Ideas have also been given for making 3D tubular field effect transistors using phosphorene and graphene . But the common 2D ballistic field-effect nanotransistors that have been made so far are very slow and their switching time is of the order of tens of milliseconds, which limits their use to frequencies of a few kilohertz. Apart from the common field effect and bipolar ballistic nanotransistors , there are other ideas for using graphene or other 2D materials in making transistors . One of these ideas is the 3D tunnel field effect nanotransistor, which has the advantages of optimal speed up to several GHz, low power consumption, and greater changes in the drain current . Also, other nano devices with gate voltage in the subthreshold region such as ballistic bipolar transistor, as well as optical devices based on graphene or other existing twodimensional materials have been designed and manufactured. 3D nanotube transistors are tubes whose wall is graphene. These pipes can be single-walled or multi-walled according to the structure. On the other hand, depending on how the carbon atoms are twisted and arranged at the edge of the tube, they can be found in three forms (armchair, ziggurag and tube-like chiral) . These three forms of carbon nanotubes have very different properties. For example, the chair handle structure behaves as a metallic conductor, while the chiral nanotube structure behaves as a semiconductor, and this function is coordinated with the small gap energy matching with 3D carbon nanotubes. It also gives unique electrical and mechanical properties to the 3D tube nano transistor. The main problem in using nanotubes in the construction of 2D ballistic nanotransistors is mainly that they should be used lying on the surface so that they can be linked and a metal connection can be established to achieve transistor behavior.

At the level of local self-governments, the needs and problems of national minorities in the effort to exercise their rights and to integrate can be best identified. Local public policies should strive to improve the existing normative framework, cooperate with the non-governmental sector and, including the media, constantly work to raise awareness and build an atmosphere that will encourage national minorities to seize opportunities, internationally and nationally recognized, in view of preserving their national identity. Local environments should be characterized by a culture of tolerance, dialogue, seemingly small but essentially large everyday struggles, to build a society that fights against discrimination, respects differences, and accepts them. The fight against ingrained prejudices must be constant. The aim of this text is to point out the rights of persons belonging to national minorities, which they can exercise at the local level, the difficulties they face, but also the weaknesses of certain legal solutions. The work also highlights examples of good practice in the protection and respect of the rights of national minorities, which should be followed, especially in AP Vojvodina, which has the largest number of multiethnic municipalities.

The article studies stability of intervening pillars at underground selective mining of complex structured ore bodies of Kryvyi Rih iron ore basin applying open stope systems that will enable the increased useful mineral component content in the mined ore mass. When calculating an exposure span, the current methods of determining room system constructive elements do not consider dirt thickness. So, it is essential to develop methods of determining room system constructive elements for mining complex structured ore bodies to provide stability of stope exposures. When mining a mine block, stoping is suggested to be fulfilled gradually from the footwall to the hanging wall of the ore body by room-and-pillar methods leaving a dirt or ore inclusion in the block. This enables decrease in concentrating tension and compression stresses in the middle part of the dirt or ore inclusion resulting in its 1.5 -2.0 times greater stability. There is also determined that the stope stability is impacted by the horizontal thickness of the inclusion, the hardness ratio and the order of stoping in a mine block. Application of open stope methods in selective mining of complex structured ore bodies of Kryvyi Rih iron ore basin enables increased quality of the mined ore mass without significant capital and operating costs and results in better environment of the region.

In an attempt to characterize portal system and shunt developmental variations and their possible impact on outcome, the diameter of the shunt was compared with the diameter of the umbilical vein and the entire portal vasculature was assessed. Absence of the normal intrahepatic umbilical vein and ductus venosus has been described in cases with extrahepatic insertion of the umbilical vein. In these prenatally and postnatally diagnosed cases, the umbilical vein was described to enter into the right atrium, the inferior vena cava or the iliac vein. The majority of these cases were associated with other anomalies. A 24-year-old primagravida woman was referred for a rutin first trimester scan at 13 weeks of gestation. Biometry in standard planes showed appropriate fetal growth. Biometry in standard planes showed appropriate fetal growth. The anatomical survey of the fetus and sequential segmental analysis of heart performed. A ductus venosus could not be demonstrated during venous blood flow studies. Dilated umbilical vein-3,3 mm bypassing the liver and connecting directly to the right atrium. Stenosis of A.pulmonalis and the initial expansion of the urinary bladder to sense megaciste were detected. Subsequent chorionic villus sampling showed a normal 46 XX karyotype and then a pregnancy was aborted. If the shunt is narrow, the portal system will have developed normally. A wide shunt is associated with underdevelopment or absence of the portal system. In cases of ADV with extrahepatic shunt, prognosis is determined by the severity of associated anomalies, the diameter of the shunt and development of the portal system. This report suggests that the detection of the DV agenesis in the first trimester is possible. We suggest that fetuses with absent ductus venosus warrant a careful search for associated anomalies. Fetal karyotyping should be offered and serial examinations are recommended. In cases of ADV with extrahepatic shunt, portal system development is impacted by the diameter of the shunt.