Mahila Abhivruddhi Society, Andhra Pradesh

Parameter estimation in chemical reaction networks is a challenging task due to its inherent nonlinearity and stochasticity. Extended Kalman Filters (EKF) have been widely used for this purpose. However, the process noise covariance in the Kalman filter algorithm is hard to determine and the effect of reduced order modelling on estimation is generally unknown. Here, we implement a Continuous Discrete-Ekf (CD-EKF) with process noise covariance updated based on Chemical Langevin Equation (CLE). Further, we analyze the performance of the proposed filter, both using full and reduced order models. We find that the filter performance is better compared to fixed choices of noise covariance based on whiteness tests and the filter achieves a balance between mean squared estimation error and parameter convergence time.

This research paper investigates the relationship between education and geography through a review of the literature. Education is the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, and values through various means, while geography is the study of the earth’s physical and cultural features. The paper examines how geography impacts education and how education affects geography, as well as the ways in which the two fields intersect. The research finds that geography plays a significant role in shaping educational opportunities and outcomes, while education impacts economic development, social mobility, and cultural diffusion. The findings have implications for policy and future research, particularly in understanding the mechanisms through which education affects geographic patterns and reducing geographic disparities in educational outcomes.

The process of urbanization has increasingly transformed landscapes, especially in rapidly developing cities like Hyderabad, which has witnessed considerable growth over the past two decades. This study investigates the spatio-temporal changes in land use and land cover (LULC) in Hyderabad city from 2000 to 2020 by utilizing multi-temporal satellite imagery and advanced geospatial techniques. The study aims to understand the extent, pattern, and nature of urban growth and its impact on other land categories such as vegetation, agricultural lands, and water bodies. Satellite data from Landsat missions (2000, 2010, and 2020) were classified using supervised image classification methods to derive LULC maps. A detailed change detection analysis was conducted to quantify the transitions among different land categories. The results reveal a significant expansion of built-up areas, especially along the peripheries and in the direction of the IT corridor and Outer Ring Road (ORR), indicating spatially uneven and corridor-based urban growth. Simultaneously, a sharp decline in vegetation and agricultural lands, along with the encroachment of water bodies, was observed. These findings underline the growing pressure on natural resources, increasing fragmentation of green spaces, and the degradation of ecological functions due to unplanned and rapid urban expansion. The study highlights the effectiveness of Remote Sensing and GIS tools in detecting, visualizing, and analyzing urban changes and advocates for their application in urban planning and management. The paper concludes by recommending sustainable development practices and the integration of geospatial monitoring in urban governance frameworks to ensure environmental sustainability and resilience in Hyderabad’s future urban growth.

Aim: Cataract is an eye disease characterized by a cloudiness of the normally transparent crystalline lens. Diabetes and smoking are the known risk factors for cataract development. It is well known fact that inorganic ions like Na, K, Ca and Cl play an important role for the maintenance of lens hydration and transmittance. Nicotine aggravates cataract formation in diabetic patients by disturbing the ionic balance in the lens, generation of free radicals and disturbing normal lens physiology by generation of free radicals. Based upon these observations we have screened few drugs like Lidocaine, Nifedipine and Phenylglycine against Streptozotocin (STZ) + Nicotine induced cataract. Methodology: Diabetes was induced by administration of combination of STZ (single dose of 52 mg/kg i.p.) and nicotine (0.3 mg/kg s.c) for 22 consecutive days and simultaneously treated with Original Research Article Chidrawar et al.; BJPR, 5(4): 228-240, 2015; Article no.BJPR.2015.023 229 ophthalmic preparation of test drug i.e. Lidocaine, Nifedipine and Phenylglycine at 1% and 2% to the right and left eye respectively. On 23 rd day of the study, various parameters like measurement of various ions (Na, K, Ca and Cl), anti-oxidants (ascorbic acid, sulfhydral group, glutathione) and fructose content in rat lens were studied. We have also investigated the level of ascorbic acid in serum and monitored the blood glucose level at regular interval throughout the experiment. Results: Accumulation of fructose in the lens cause malfunctioning of Na + -K + ATPase pump which leads to accumulation of Na + ions inside the membrane that causes to accretion of water and osmotic swelling of the lens. By the treatment with lidocaine (1% and 2%) eye drop significantly (P<0.001) reduced the Na + content in both the eyes compared to disease control group. Conclusion: In our study lidocaine has offered best protection against cataract. Phenylglycine has also shown protection but not as good as lidocaine, at the same time Nifedipine has not shown any protection.