Mamata Medical College

Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) is a distinct subtype of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs). Despite its increasing recognition, considerable variability persists in its nomenclature, posing challenges for research comparability, clinical trial design, and patient care. We conducted a scoping review of English-language publications from November 1974 to December 2023 to assess the diversity and trends in IMNM nomenclature and abbreviations. Articles were screened for IMNM terminology and abbreviations, and categorized by publication year, region, and study design. Descriptive statistics with temporal/geographic trend analyses were performed using SPSS. Of 1236 articles identified, 626 met inclusion criteria, spanning 42 countries. Marked heterogeneity in terminology was observed. Regarding spelling, "necrotizing" (with "z") predominated (497 mentions) compared to "necrotising" (66 mentions), particularly after 2010 when usage of the "z" form rose sharply (463 vs. 60, respectively). For disease suffix, "myopathy" overwhelmingly replaced "myositis" in recent years (487 vs. 44 post-2010). Prefix terminology also evolved: "immune-mediated" became the dominant prefix (366 mentions post-2010) compared to "autoimmune" (91 mentions). Longitudinal analysis demonstrated that prior to 2010, terminology was inconsistent, but from 2010 onwards, coinciding with the ENMC classification, publications increasingly converged toward the standardized form immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM). Antibody-based naming remained uncommon (7 %), and statin-associated descriptors were reported in 11 %. Abbreviations emerged in 2011, with IMNM now dominant (80 %) compared to NAM (13 %) and NM (6 %). This review highlights a clear evolution and gradual consensus in IMNM nomenclature. Despite progress toward standardization, residual variability persists, underscoring the need for unified terminology to advance research, collaboration, and clinical care.

Abstract Procrastination is the avoidance of doing a task that needs to be accomplished and putting it off at a later time. Procrastination is believed to be highly prevalent among college students and detrimental to their academic performance. The study is to evaluate the prevalence of procrastination among dental students in Khammam city and to analyze its influence on their academic performance. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of procrastination among dental students in Khammam City. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of procrastination among dental students based on age to assess the influence on procrastination among dental students based on year of study Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 201 dental students, comprising 45 males (22.4%) and 156 females (77.6%) including. This survey included 15 questions exploring the impact of procrastination among dental study were analyzed based on gender, age and year of study using Chi-square tests to identify statistical significant differences.

Pain from needle-related procedures in children can alter pain perception, increase pain sensitivity, and generate inappropriate pain responses. Currently pain management includes the use of lidocaine-containing patches, which is complicated to manage in a busy medical setting such as a vaccination centre. We assessed the Buzzy device, which combines vibration and cold, to manage pain in children undergoing a needle-related procedure, compared to the standard lidocaine patch. AIM: To explore the dental students to investigate whether the Buzzy device was as efficient as the lidocaine patch in reducing or preventing the pain provoked by needles in children. Methods: Children were randomly allocated (1:1) to use either the Buzzy device or the lidocaine patch during the needle-related procedure. The lidocaine patch was applied to the puncture site for the hour prior to the intervention. The Buzzy device was applied to the puncture site for 30 s and then moved 5 cm along the limb during the procedure. The refrigerated wings were detached if they bothered the child. The child assessed their pain using the validated Revised Faces Pain Scale. The revised faces pain scale comprised six facial expressions from 0, normal "no pain" to 10, a screaming face "severe pain" (2 points/face). The primary endpoint was the average pain score recorded by the child. The study aimed to test the non-inferiority of Buzzy.

Photobiomodulation (PBM), formerly known as low-level laser therapy (LLLT), utilizes red and near-infrared light to activate mitochondrial chromophores, thereby enhancing cellular activity, modulating inflammation and promoting tissue repair. Therefore, it is of interest to the mechanistic pathways of PBM, including mitochondrial stimulation, cytokine regulation and growth factor induction. Clinical evidence supports its efficacy in managing oral mucositis, temporomandibular disorders, periodontitis, postoperative endodontic pain, implant stability and orthodontic treatment outcomes.

IntroductionThe World Health Organization (WHO) recently introduced a standardized Reporting System for Lung Cytopathology, classifying respiratory cytology into five diagnostic categories with corresponding risk of malignancy (ROM) and management guidelines. This study applies the WHO system to categorize respiratory tract cytology specimens and assess ROM and diagnostic accuracy for each category.Materials and methodsThis retrospective study, conducted from July 2023 to June 2024, analyzed respiratory cytology specimens, including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), bronchial washings (BW), endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA), and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Pleural effusions were excluded. Cytologic diagnoses were correlated with histopathology to determine ROM for individual categories.ResultsA total of 150 respiratory samples were analyzed, comprising BAL/BW (128), EBUS-TBNA (21), and ultrasonography (USG)-guided FNAC (one). Histopathologic correlation was available for 60 cases (40%). Based on the WHO classification, 28 cases (18.7%) were categorized as insufficient/inadequate/non-diagnostic, 109 (72.7%) as benign, four (2.7%) as suspicious for malignancy, and eight (5.3%) as malignant, and one (0.6%) was categorized as atypical. The estimated ROM for each category was 11.1% (non-diagnostic), 32.5% (benign), 66.6% (suspicious for malignancy), and 75% (malignant).The specificity of BAL/BW and EBUS-TBNA was 100%. Sensitivity varied across sample types, with BAL/BW at 31.25% and EBUS-TBNA at 50%, resulting in an overall sensitivity of 36.4% and a diagnostic accuracy of 71.67%.ConclusionThe WHO Reporting System for Lung Cytopathology standardizes diagnostic categorization, improving communication, facilitating risk stratification, and enhancing clinical decision-making. Its implementation supports more accurate malignancy risk assessment, improving patient care.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3 and above is strongly linked with increased cardiovascular mortality. Myocardial infarction (MI) in this population carries a particularly poor prognosis. However, long-term trends in MI mortality among CKD patients—and how these vary by sex and race remain underexplored. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that MI mortality among patients with CKD stage 3 or higher has declined over time, but with persistent disparities by sex and race. We aimed to characterize these temporal patterns and identify inflection points using joinpoint regression. Methods: Using CDC WONDER data from 1999 to 2020, we extracted age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) for adults aged ≥25 years with advanced CKD and MI. AAMRs were stratified by sex (male, female) and race (White, Black, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, Hispanic). Linear and joinpoint regression (1 allowed inflection) were used to estimate slope coefficients (β), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and trend shifts. Results: In sex-stratified analyses, mortality declined in both groups: males (β = -0.021, p = 0.036) with early steep decline (slope1 = -0.331) plateauing after 2005 (slope2 = -0.017); females showed greater sustained decline (β = -0.022, p = 0.001, R2 = 0.423). Among racial groups, Black individuals had the sharpest initial decline (slope1 = -1.65) and continued improvement (slope2 = -0.12, p < 0.001). Asian/Pacific Islander and American Indian/Alaska Native groups showed modest declines (slope2 ≈ -0.05, p < 0.01). White patients had stable mortality (slope2 = -0.006, NS). Hispanic mortality declined until 2017 (slope1 = -0.068, p < 0.001), then rose (slope2 = +0.105, NS). Conclusions: From 1999–2020, MI-related mortality in advanced CKD declined overall, with more consistent reductions among females. Black individuals demonstrated the greatest mortality reduction, though they started at the highest baseline. In contrast, White mortality remained stable, and a concerning uptick was observed in Hispanic populations post-2017. These trends emphasize the need for tailored public health interventions to address persisting disparities in cardiovascular outcomes among CKD patients.

Background: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been commonly used for extended treatment following an episode of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) to reduce the recurrence rate. However, the benefit of recurrence prevention must be weighed against the increased risk of bleeding. Conflicting evidence exists regarding the comparative effectiveness and safety of reduced-dose versus full-dose DOACs in this setting. Hypothesis: Are reduced-dose DOACs as effective and safe as full-dose DOACs in the extended treatment of VTE? Aims: To compare the efficacy and safety of reduced versus full-dose DOACs for extended VTE treatment. Methods: We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and PLOS ONE from inception to May 10, 2025. We used RevMan 5.4.1 version to make statistical calculations and a random effects model to calculate the pooled relative risk (RR) values with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity among the studies was assessed using the I2 statistic. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 7,356 patients (Reduced Dose: 3,027, Full Dose: 4,329) from four cohorts and one randomized controlled trial were included in the study. The mean age of participants was 66.81±14.97 years in the full-dose group and 64.87±14.23 years in the reduced-dose group, with 51.6% male overall. The VTE recurrence was higher in the reduced-dose group compared to the standard dose (RR, 1.50, CI: 1.08-2.08, I2=0%, p<0.05); however, bleeding events, such as major bleeding (RR, 0.49, CI: 0.32-0.74, I2=0%, p<0.05) and CRNMB (RR, 0.66, CI: 0.50-0.88, I2=18%, p<0.05), were significantly lower in the reduced group. The all-cause mortality events showed no significant difference (RR, 0.93, CI: 0.47-1.81, I2=85%, p=0.83) between the groups. Conclusions: Reduced-dose DOACs are associated with significantly lower rates of major and non-major bleeding compared to full-dose regimens in the extended treatment of VTE but carry a higher risk of VTE recurrence. Mortality rates were similar. Further randomized trials are warranted to determine the optimal long-term anticoagulation strategy.

Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) often compromise the dentin-pulp complex, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising solution for regenerative endodontics. This research investigates the application of stem cell therapy in regenerating dentin for patients with TDIs by using a retrospective analysis of clinical outcomes. A retrospective data analysis was performed on 120 cases involving TDIs treated with stem cell-based interventions. Key parameters included patient demographics, clinical outcomes, and histological findings. Statistical significance was assessed using a P value of <0.05. Significant improvement in dentin regeneration was observed in 85% of cases treated with stem cell therapy. Histological findings confirmed the formation of tubular dentin in 75% of cases. Younger patients exhibited superior outcomes compared to older cohorts. Stem cell therapy demonstrates significant potential for regenerating dentin in TDIs. Future studies should explore long-term outcomes and optimization of protocols.