Marel (Iceland)

Urmia Lake is the largest hypersaline lake in Western Asia and it is currently facing severe desiccation. Immediate action is necessary to prevent irreversible damage to the environment and economy. The lake covers the majority of the Urmia Lake watershed. This study aimed to analyze the changes in Land Surface Temperature (LST) during the day and night in the area using MODIS 1 km, 8 days, version 061 (MOD11A2) images. The study also looked at water level variations using TOPEX/POSEIDON and Jason 1, 2, and 3, and precipitation variations using CHIRPS images from the period of 2001-2023. The results indicate that the water level of Urmia Lake has significantly declined by about 10 meters in the last few decades. Approximately 95 percent of the lake has dried up. The continuous declining trend of the water level started in 2001 and has led to an increase in LST day, about 0.03 ℃/year, and a decrease in LST night, about 0.07 ℃/year. Precipitation variations did not show any significant trend during the study period. Due to the high salt content caused by the lake drying up, the area is becoming a center for salty dust that can negatively affect the surrounding habitats. The trend of precipitation variations suggests that climate is not the primary factor responsible for the lake's desiccation.

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) can be used for the localized heating of biological tissue through the conversion of sound waves into heat. Although originally developed for human medicine, HIFU may also be used to weaken the attachment of pin bones in fish fillets to enable easier removal of such bones. This was shown in the present study, where a series of experiments were performed on HIFU phantoms and fillets of cod and salmon. In thin objects such as fish fillets, the heat is mainly dissipated at the surfaces. However, bones inside the fillet absorb ultrasound energy more efficiently than the surrounding tissue, resulting in a “self-focusing” heating of the bones. Salmon skin was found to effectively block the ultrasound, resulting in a significantly lower heating effect in fillets with skin. Cod skin partly blocked the ultrasound, but only to a small degree, enabling HIFU treatment through the skin. The treatment of fillets to reduce the pin bone attachment yielded an average reduction in the required pulling force by 50% in cod fillets with skin, with little muscle denaturation, and 72% in skinned fillets, with significant muscle denaturation. Salmon fillets were treated from the muscle side of the fillet to circumvent the need for penetration through skin. The treatment resulted in a 30% reduction in the peak pulling force and 10% reduction in the total pulling work, with a slight denaturation of the fillet surface.

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L’interdisciplinarite est certes une parfaite tarte a la creme, mais aussi bien une vraie necessite, puisque seule a rendre possible la rupture avec des frontieres academiques vieillies n’ayant souvent de logique qu’institutionnelle. Et cette necessite est d’autant plus grande s’agissant de l’histoire economique de la fin du Moyen Âge allemand : puisque ce champ de recherche a ete deserte non seulement par les historiens « purs » (qui n’ont jamais ete vraiment censes devoir s’y interesser), m...

The visual inspection of weld beads and subsequent evaluation of the weld quality is an integral part of the commercial welding environment. However, this inspection process tends to be both time and labor intensive. An automated system for the performance of this task has been developed. The sequence of events in the operation of the vision-based system are: (1) image capture; (2) image enhancement; (3) image processing; and (4) image evaluation. To minimize cost and complexity, the system uses conventional video camera and related hardware and software for the image-capture and image enhancement portion of the evaluation process. Various weld processes were observed to have certain characteristic features which were most relevant for the inspection and evaluation of the particular process. Image processing codes were written to extract those features of the weld beads and store this information in data files for subsequent assessment. Numerical algorithms were written, tailored to each of the weld processes, to perform the image evaluation portion of the quality evaluation process. This result is expressed as a relative quality rating which was found to correlate well with a quality rating derived by direct observation by a human inspector of various quality welds. The vision-based weld quality evaluation system has potential for use as a post-weld quality evaluation system, or, due to the high update rate of the overall vision system (>10 Hz), as part of a real-time control system.

The surveying of oil wells has in recent months become a common practice inthe deep fields of the Mid-Continent area. Borehole surveys have been made bymining companies for many years, but the introduction of such methods into theoil fields has been delayed until the past few years, because the value ofsurvey data was not fully appreciated. The acid and gelatin bottle methods of obtaining the angle of deviation andthe floating compass method of obtaining the direction of horizontal drift havebeen in use for more than 20 years. A photographic recording instrumentconsisting of a plumb bob, magnetic needle and electrically operated camera wasdevised and used in the Rand mining fields of South Africa prior to 1912.Another and improved photographic instrument, depending upon orientation of thedrill pipe instead of polar magnetism for direction, has been invented andused. The acid bottle method has also been used in conjunction with orienteddrill pipe. The magnetic compass is not reliable for oil-well work because ofthe unsymmetrical attraction of the needle to the well casing and possiblemagnetic formations. Many engineers also concur in the opinion that orientationof the drill pipe from instrument to surface will be inaccurate because of thetorque exerted between the drill pipe and walls of the hole, causing the lowersections of pipe to twist. When it is considered that 4000 ft. of 6 in. drillpipe has approximately the same slenderness ratio as 6 ft. of silk thread, suchtwisting effects can be readily visualized. The gyroscopic compass has beensuggested for use in direction finding, but the high cost of such instrumentswill prohibit their use, except in special cases. Due to the lack of accurate direction-finding instruments, almost all of thesurvey work in the Mid-Continent fields has been of the acid bottle methodalone.