Maria Curie-Skłodowska University

The molecular design of functional organic dyes as fluorescent chemosensors represents a dynamic frontier in materials chemistry, bridging synthetic dye chemistry with practical analytical applications. This review summarizes recent progress in the molecular design and photophysical properties of fluorescent sensors for metal ion detection, with particular emphasis on lead (Pb 2+ ) ions. The first part focuses specifically on Pb 2+ -responsive sensors, considering the high toxicity of lead and the need for selective chelation strategies. The second part systematically surveys diverse fluorophore backbones, including quinoline, pyrazoloquinoline, fluorescein, rhodamine, coumarin, pyrene, and Schiff base derivatives. Special attention is given to how specific structural modifications and the strategic incorporation of chelating units influence fluorescence responses and coordination selectivity. Key analytical parameters of sensor–ion systems, such as detection limits, binding constants, and complex stoichiometry, are compared across representative fluorophore-based sensorsFinally, the underlying metal-ligand interactions and fluorescence sensing mechanisms, including photoinduced electron transfer (PET), intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF), chelation-enhanced quenching (CHEQ) and excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), are discussed. The review concludes with an outlook on current challenges and future perspectives in the development of selective, sensitive, and practically applicable fluorescent sensors for Pb 2+ detection. • Comprehensive review of organic dye-based fluorescent sensors for metal ion detection, with a specific focus on highly toxic Pb 2+ ions. • Comparison of sensors with different fluorophore cores (fluorescein, rhodamine, quinoline, pyrene, coumarin, Schiff base), including their detection limits, complex stoichiometry, and binding constants. • Detailed overview of the coordination chemistry of Pb 2+ -selective sensors. • Insight into the fluorescence detection mechanism (PET, ICT, CHEF, CHEQ, ESIPT) as a key design element for improving sensor selectivity and sensitivity.

<ns3:p>REVIEW OF LARISA LUKYANOVA’S MONOGRAPHAdult education: modern strategies and practices in Ukraine and abroad(Second edition revised and enlarged – Kiev: Talkom, 2025 – 592 pages)</ns3:p>

Basic zinc sulfate with an empirical formula of ZnSO4∙3 Zn(OH)2∙3.5 H2O (or Zn4SO4(OH)6∙3.5 H2O) was precipitated using stoichiometric amounts of ZnSO4 and NaOH, followed by drying and storage in air. The XRD pattern suggests that the product contains tri- and tetrahydrate of basic zinc sulfate. Penta-, mono-, and hemihydrates of basic zinc sulfate can be produced by storing the original material in air at various temperatures and humidity levels, and especially by immersion in aqueous solutions. The precipitate was characterized by its specific surface area and zeta potential, and it has an isoelectric point (IEP) at pH 8.9. Ion exchange with an excess of CuSO4 results in conversion to brochantite Cu4(OH)6SO4 (as detected by XRD) and in an increase in the specific surface area. The conversion was complete at room temperature with a sufficient excess of CuSO4, but it was not complete at 50 or 60 °C. Apparently, the conversion into brochantite is exothermic. The IEP of brochantites obtained from ZnSO4∙3 Zn(OH)2∙3.5 H2O by ion exchange was at a pH of about 10, which is higher than the previously reported IEP.

A review of: Tsonev, Radoslav. Bulgarian Colloquial Syntax. Neofit Rilski University Press, 2022. ISBN 978-954-00-0313-9, 226 pp. [In Bulgarian: Цонев, Радослав. Българският разговорен синтаксис. Благоевград: УИ Неофит Рилски, 2022.]

The paper focuses on the previously unexplored ideological and artistic opposition between Kyiv and Kharkiv in the 1920s–1930s as two distinct literary and artistic loci. The former functioned as a center of modernism and the preservation of tradition, while the latter was characterized by the development of futurism and proletarian literature. Special attention is paid to the dynamics of Kyiv’s image in the poetic works of the neoclassicists. Methodologically, the study is conducted through comparative, historical, and cultural perspectives. It demonstrates the features of the creative opposition between the cultural and artistic trends of the two cities. The transformation of Kyiv’s image in the poetry of the neoclassicists is analyzed in the context of temporal differences between modernism, on the one hand, and avant-garde along with proletarian literature, on the other. The examples of Kyiv and Kharkiv demonstrate how this opposition is articulated in the poetry of the avant-garde and Kyiv neoclassicism, and how these movements express different temporal orientations. Until the early 1930s, Kyiv remained a city-symbol of tradition, a center where the long past and the recent—still independent and state-owned—nourished the creativity of the neoclassicists. It stood in contrast to proletarian and avant-garde writing, which largely ignored this past. Kharkiv, in turn, became the city-symbol of these new creative trends. The opposition of Kyiv and Kharkiv correlated with two different types of cultural modernization in Ukraine. In particular, it was manifested in Kyiv’s nurturing of language tradition (primarily among the neoclassicists) and the avant-garde deformation of this language custom of fine writing—in the works by Mykola Khvylyovyi (one of the frontmen of proletarian literature) or the futurists as exponents of avant-garde searches in Ukrainian literature.

The ultraviolet (UV) copolymers of two monomers, one methacrylic and the other vinyl monomer (styrene, S) were prepared. As methacrylic monomers, citronellyl methacrylate (CM) or geranyl methacrylate (GM) were used. The preparation was proven to contain high solvent- and chemical-resistant copolymers due to their cross-linked structure with the conversion degree of the double bonds above 0.92 for poly(citronellyl methacrylate)/polystyrene (PCM/PS) and above 0.85 for poly(geranyl methacrylate)/polystyrene (PGM/PS) copolymers. The obtained copolymers showed only one glass transition temperature (Tg). Depending on the structure and amount of the used methacrylic monomer, the Tg values were from 0.4 °C to -15.2 °C for PCM/PS copolymers and from -23.2 °C to -50.5 °C for PGM/PS copolymers. The thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) showed a higher thermal stability for PCM/PS (148-187 °C) than for PGM/PS copolymers (119-159 °C) in inert and oxidative atmospheres. The simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (TG/FTIR) showed that the pyrolysis and oxidative decomposition of the tested copolymers took place according to the radical mechanism. This led to receiving a mixture of low molecular mass organic molecules containing saturated and unsaturated fragments, carbonyl groups, aromatic fragments as well as to CO, CO2 and H2O. This indicated the depolymerization process (inert) and further oxidation processes of the initially formed volatiles and/or residues in oxidative conditions.