Medi (Germany)

Prema klasifi kaciji Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije (SZO

IntroductionOne in five women in the United Kingdom is obese at antenatal booking. We aimed to determine whether maternal obesity during pregnancy is associated with increased mortality from cardiovascular events in later life.MethodsMaternity records of women who gave birth to their first child between 1950 and 1976 (n = 18,912) from the Aberdeen Maternity and Neonatal databank were linked to the General Register of Deaths, Scotland and the Scottish Morbidity Record systems. Death and hospital admissions for cardiovascular events up to 1 January 2012 were recorded with median follow-up of 50 years. Maternal body mass index (BMI) was calculated from height and weight measured at the first antenatal visit. The effect of maternal obesity on outcomes was tested with time to event analysis with Cox proportional hazard regression to compare outcomes of mothers in underweight, overweight, or obese categories of BMI as recommended by WHO compared to mothers with normal BMI.ResultsAll-cause mortality was increased in obese mothers (BMI >30kg/m2) compared with mothers with normal BMI after adjustment for maternal age at delivery, socioeconomic status, smoking status, gestational age at BMI measurement, pre-eclampsia and low birth weight (hazard ratio 1.35, 95% CI: 1.02–1.78). In adjusted models, overweight and obese mothers have increased risk of major cardiovascular events, MACE (1.12, 1.01–1.24 and 1.37, 1.07–1.75 respectively) and hospital admission for a cardiovascular event (1.27, 1.16–1.39 and 1.49, 1.19–1.86) compared to mothers with normal BMI. Underweight mothers also had increased risk of MACE (1.21, 1.00–1.45), suggesting a possible J-shaped relationship.ConclusionsMaternal obesity is associated with an increased risk of premature death and cardiovascular disease in later life. Pregnancy is a key time when women receive input from health care professionals and are motivated to improve their health. This period could represent a window of opportunity for interventions to reduce obesity. 115 Figure 1Kaplan-Meier curves for death rates according to maternal BMI 115 Figure 2Kaplan-Meier curves for MACE according to maternal BMI

The frog erythrocyte membrane provides an excellent model system for the study of beta-adrenergic receptor-adenylate cyclase interactions since it possesses an adenylate cyclase enzyme which is very responsive to catecholamines. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate directly whether the functions of receptor binding and adenylate cyclase activity are carried out by a single macromolecule or separable molecular entities. Obtaining this information is a first step in understanding at a molecular level how receptor binding is "coupled" to enzyme activation. Binding and cyclase activities were solubilized from the frog erythrocyte membrane with digitonin and were observed to partition independently during gel exclusion chromatography in the presence of solubilizing detergent. This finding documents that the beta-adrenergic receptor and adenylate cyclase enzyme are, in fact, separable macromolecules. Under the particular experimental conditions employed, the elution of beta-adrenergic receptor binding on Sepharose 6B was not altered by the absence or presence of beta-adrenergic agonist or antagonist ligands or by exposure of the membranes prior to solubulization to the guanyl nucleotide analog, guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate.