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В данной статье комплексно рассмотрены теоретические и практические социально-экономические проблемы трудовой миграции населения Республики Таджикистан. Произведена попытка оценки более чем двадцатилетнего периода трудовой миграции граждан Таджикистана, дан прогноз существующих рисков и социально-экономических и политических последствий дестабилизации нынешней ситуации. Особое внимание уделено процессам, которые приводят к экономической деградации общества.

Populations and property values are increasing in tropical cyclone prone regions, driving up repair and replacement costs following a tropical cyclone impact. Climate change influences on tropical cyclones and sea levels will only exacerbate these rises. For example, Australia's Severe Tropical Cyclone Debbie in 2017 was one of the most destructive cyclones to make landfall in Australia since Tropical Cyclone Tracy in 1974. The primary impacts of Cyclone Debbie were due to extreme short duration intense wind driven rainfall and widespread major flooding, both linked to uncharacteristically warm sea surface temperatures. Studying the impact of climate change on tropical cyclones is limited by the lack of well observed historical events. Traditional hazard risk assessment approaches are limited since they are primarily based on statistical models which only deal with single meteorological hazards, or use simplified parameterized relationships when more than one phenomenon is included. Here we explore the value of dynamical models for creating targeted, detailed, and physically plausible multi-hazard tropical cyclone scenarios, through the development of a modeling system that i) retains a high degree of simulation control, ii) is globally applicable, and iii) is responsive to climate variability and change. Application of the modeling system to a thermodynamic climate change scenario finds that the tropical cyclone penetrates much further inland with a marked expansion of the heavy rainfall area, resulting in significantly larger areas subjected to damaging and destructive wind speeds and rainfall totals capable of producing flash and riverine flooding.

The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that chronic widespread pain, (CWP) drawn by patients on a body diagram, could be used as a screening tool for increased pain sensitization, psycho-social load, and utilization of pain management strategies. The triage questionnaires of 144 adults attending a chronic pain outpatients' clinic were audited and the percentage pain surface area (PPSA) drawn on their body diagrams was calculated using the "rule of nines" (RON) method for burns area assessment. Outcomes were measured using the painDETECT Questionnaire (PD-Q) and other indices and compared using a nonrandomized, case-control method. It was found that significantly more subjects with CWP (defined as a PPSA ≥ 20%) reported high (≥ 19) PD-Q scores (suggesting pain "sensitization" or neuropathic pain) (P = 0.0002), "severe" or "extremely severe" anxiety scores on the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Items Questionnaire (P = 0.0270), ≥ 5 psycho-social stressors (P = 0.0022), ≥ 5 significant life events (P = 0.0098), and used ≥ 7 pain management strategies (PMS) (P < 00001), compared to control subjects with a lower PPSA. A Widespread Pain Index score ≥ 7 (OR = 11.36), PD-Q score ≥ 19 (OR = 4.46) and use of ≥ 7 PMS (OR = 5.49) were independently associated with CWP. This study demonstrates that calculating PPSA on a body diagram (using the RON method) is a valid and convenient "snapshot" screening tool to identify patients with an increased likelihood of pain sensitization, psycho-social load, and utilizing pain management resources.

Non-point source pollution of ground and surface water by pesticides in causing concern throughout the world, as it poses a risk of public health and environmental quality. Once water is polluted, its quantity and wide distribution make it virtually impossible to eradicate the very low concentrations (measured in ppb) of pesticides involved. Efforts are, therefore, being made to minimise the risk of penetration by the pollutants to levels below the root zone, as a result of leaching or transport by surface runoff. Atrazine is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world, mainly in corn and sorghum cultivation, as a major means of weed control. As a result of its long half-life and potential mobility through the soil, contamination of water by this chemical has been recorded in agricultural areas in the USA and Europe (Ritter, 1990; Jamet and Delleu, 1993). Current regulations forbid atrazine concentrations above 3.0 μgl−1 (US) and 0.1 μgl−1 (Europe).