Mendocino Coast District Hospital

Abstract Like many rivers and streams in forests of the Pacific Northwest, California north coast rivers and streams have been depleted of downed wood through timber harvest and direct wood removal. Due to the important role of wood in creating and maintaining salmonid habitat, wood augmentation has become a common element of stream restoration. Restoration efforts in North America often focus on building anchored, engineered wood structures at the site scale; however, these projects can fail to meet restoration goals at the watershed scale, do not closely mimic natural wood loading processes or dynamics, and can be expensive to implement. For critically imperiled populations of Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in California, there is a strong impetus to achieve as much habitat restoration as possible in priority watersheds in the shortest time and with limited resources, so cost-efficient techniques are necessary. In this multi-site project, we investigated unanchored techniques for wood loading to evaluate cost and contribution to salmonid habitat in Mendocino County, California. Over a period of 6 years, 72.4 km of stream were treated with 1,973 pieces of strategically placed wood. We found that unanchored wood loading techniques were much less costly than commonly used anchored techniques, reliably improved habitat, and retained wood at high rates (mean = 92%) in small- to moderate-sized streams, at least over the short term (<6 years). The average cost of design and construction for the unanchored projects was US$259 per log, equivalent to 22% of the cost associated with the anchored wood augmentation methods examined here. Our results suggest that this unanchored wood loading approach has the potential to increase the pace and scale at which wood augmentation projects are implemented in the Pacific Northwest and beyond. Received January 22, 2014; accepted June 25, 2014

Abstract Population monitoring is essential to know whether coastal California's Endangered Species Act–listed Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, coho salmon O. kisutch, and steelhead O. mykiss stocks are progressing toward recovery. In coastal California, salmonids are at the southern edge of their range, and this one of many reasons they are not abundant. This provides unique challenges for monitoring, as different survey methods will result in estimates with different levels of accuracy and precision, which are important for evaluating population trends. For this study we intensively monitored three Mendocino County watersheds to evaluate the reliability of two-stage data for monitoring regional escapement. Under this scheme, regional spawning surveys (stage 1) were calibrated with data from intensively monitored watersheds (stage 2), where escapement was estimated using capture–recapture methods, redd counts, and fish counts. The objective of the study was to evaluate the quality of the stage 2 data for calibrating regional surveys. We evaluated the precision of live-fish capture–recapture estimates and compared these estimates with estimates derived from spawning survey data using carcass capture–recapture, area under the curve (AUC), and redd counts. Live-fish capture–recapture produced escapement estimates with narrower 95% confidence bounds where permanent structures were used to capture fish. Redd counts converted to fish numbers using spawner: redd ratios were chosen for the regional salmonid monitoring method because they were reliable, economical, and less intrusive. Converted redd counts were statistically and operationally similar to live-fish capture–recapture estimates but required fewer resources. The AUC estimates were less reliable than converted redd counts and live-fish capture–recapture methods due to the sensitivity of the estimates of residence time and observer efficiency. Finally, we found that carcass capture–recapture methods were operationally unsuccessful in coastal California streams. On the basis of our results, we recommend that annual spawner: redd ratios from intensively monitored watersheds be used to calibrate redd counts for regional status and trend monitoring of California's coastal salmonids.

Withdrawal symptoms associated with the cessation of therapy have been widely described for most antidepressants. The authors report irritable mood, anxiety, sleeplessness, headache, and generalized aches and pains associated with the abrupt discontinuation of bupropion treatment in a 32-year-old man being treated for nicotine dependence. The authors recommend a slow taper for antidepressant discontinuation, along with vigilance for withdrawal symptoms and educating patients to the benefits of compliance.

A 42-year-old male developed thrombocytopenia and anemia along with agranulocytosis during treatment with procainamide. Bone marrow hypoplasia was evident on biopsy, and the patient was without evidence of systemic lupus erythematosis. He had prompt marrow recovery on drug withdrawal. While procainamide-induced agranulocytosis has been reported on a number of occasions, this is only the second case of pancytopenia.

Previous studies have shown that alcoholics improved after treatment with a single massive dose of lysergide. To test the effectiveness of lysergide as part of the general alcoholism treatment program at Mendocino State Hospital, Calif., 71 women alcoholics, in groups of 1 to 4, were given an average of 400 µg of lysergide in the morning in a pleasant private room with comfortable chairs and concert music; 15 patients were given lysergide during a pilot phase; 29 had 1 lysergide session; 18, 2 sessions; and 9, 3 sessions. Their mean age was 41 years and they had a mean of 7.82 years of excessive drinking. Each patient had a therapist throughout the rest of the day. An attempt to make the experiment double-blind by giving a group of patients scopolomine instead of lysergide was abandoned because both patients and therapists became aware which patients had been given lysergide. Three sessions were terminated because of an asthmatic attack, an epileptic seizure and a disturbed emotional reaction. The patients given lysergide and a control group of 37 women who received the standard treatment program were followed-up for 6, 12 and 18 months. The lysergide patients were not noticeably more abstinent than the control patients at 18 months; on a scale in which 2 = worse, 3 = same, 4= improved, 5 = much improved, the average score of the control group was 4.03, of the pilot group, 3.70 and of the lysergide group, 3.97. Nor was any difference found between the groups given 1, 2 or 3 sessions. No significant differences in work history or improvement in social life or social relations were found between the experimental and control groups. No correlation between scores on the Mindlin Prognostic Index and outcome were found; nor between age, history of delirium tremens, history of arrests, length of excessive drinking and outcome. The patients' written accounts of the lysergide experience (samples of which are given) and results of the Blewett Scale of Psychedelic Reactions showed that most patients achieved the transcendent state. Though it did not increase the patients' abstinence, the ability of lysergide to break through the patients' facade and reveal their real concerns was impressive.

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