Michigan State University Foundation

Purpose The study aims to propose a new multiaxial fatigue damage parameter. Design/methodology/approach Using the proposed stress analysis method proposed in part 1 and results of the design experimental program, the proposed formula is introduced. Findings The performance of the proposed formula shows encouraging accuracy. This performance is evaluated via the comparison of the proposed formula with other well-known ones. Research limitations/implications The proposed formula requires fatigue input data for non-proportional loadings in the low-cycle regime to predict the fatigue life in that regime. While accessing the available data in high-cycle fatigue is sufficient for life prediction of the non-proportional loadings in the high-cycle regime. Practical implications The paper introduces the concept of the normal-shear stresses interaction in a multiaxial fatigue field. The importance of this phenomenon is evaluated via several available data. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need to predict the fatigue life under the proportional and non-proportional multiaxial loadings.

The Inyo County population of California towhee, now recognized as Melozone crissalis, was officially listed as Threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 1987. This isolated population in the Argus Mountains was then estimated to consist of less than 175 individuals. Its major threats were habitat destruction caused by grazing, mining, water exporting, and human recreational activities but stakeholders eventually developed a recovery plan to mitigate habitat damage. Due to the demographic success of the recovery plan, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) proposed to remove the California towhee from their formal list of threatened and endangered species in 2013. Herein, we generated a high-quality reference genome assembly for a typical representative of the California towhee (N50 = 22 Mb among 627 contigs, max contig size 89.1Mb), then conducted whole genome resequencing on birds sampled from geographic sites across much of the species’ range. Our findings indicate that the California towhee gene pool is relatively deep (i.e., diverse; mean individual heterozygosity = 0.0021, range = 0.0013-0.0026) and that moderately low levels of autozygosity in isolated populations are due to a combination of historic and contemporary inbreeding. Our population, landscape, and phylogeographic analyses indicate that the shallower (less diverse) regions of the gene pool are likely due to a combination of natural geography, anthropogenic impacts, and demographic histories associated with isolated habitats. None of our findings are inconsistent with the 2013 USFWS proposal and we see no reason to protest the delisting petition based exclusively on genetic/genomic data.

no common risk factors doesn't mean you will not develop cancer. Known risk factors for uterine cancer include:General Age: Most women diagnosed with endometrial cancer are older than age 50 and have gone through menopause.Sixty years old is the average age at diagnosis, according to the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO).Increased number of menstrual cycles: Women who have had more menstrual cycles in their lifetime have an increased endometrial cancer risk.This includes those who started their periods before age 12 and who went through menopause after age 50.No pregnancies: Researchers are investigating why pregnancy seems to reduce the risk of endometrial cancer.During pregnancy, a woman's hormonal balance shifts, with her body producing more progesterone and less estrogen.

Abstract Architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) project teams have a segmented organizational structure with subgroups, for example, designer, contractor, and owner. AEC projects are chal...

Abstract The LHC (Large Hadron Collider) will serve as the energy frontier for high-energy physics for the next 20 years. The highlight of the LHC running so far has been the discovery of the Higgs boson, but the LHC programme has also consisted of the measurement of a myriad of other Standard Model processes, as well as searches for Beyond-the-Standard-Model physics, and the discrimination between possible new physics signatures and their Standard Model backgrounds. Essentially all of the physics processes at the LHC depend on quantum chromodynamics, or QCD, in the production, or in the decay stages, or in both. This book has been written as an advanced primer for physics at the LHC, providing a pedagogical guide for the calculation of QCD and Standard Model predictions, using state-of-the-art theoretical frameworks. The predictions are compared to both the legacy data from the Tevatron, as well as the data obtained thus far from the LHC, with intuitive connections between data and theory supplied where possible. The book is written at a level suitable for advanced graduate students, and thus could be used in a graduate course, but is also intended for every physicist interested in physics at the LHC.

SummaryIn one of the most extensive studies made in Asia, four village influential and approximately 12 randomly chosen males and females were interviewed in each of 364 villages to appraise the extent of change as involved in the adoption of improved agricultural, health and family planning practices and related factors in rural India. Representing the values of the villages, the influentials had adopted more practices and were more aware of and oriented to change than others, but most categories of informants were under the influence of these and other changes. Multivariant analyses in later studies also made by India's National Institute of Community Development revealed that the higher the caste rank, the greater the secular orientation or rationality, and the more educated and/or literate the cultivators or influentials, the higher the adoption scores both for individual cultivators and villages. These relationships generally remained statistically significant even when the influence of some other factors, important in predicting the rate of adoption (such as extension contact, value of agricultural products, use of or willingness to use credit, and the pull of the city for cultivators and such factors as extent of the extension agents' contacts with the village and availability of electricity in the village), were partialled out. In an effort to ascertain whether exposure to schooling is related to some of these and other factors, probability samples of urban Mexico, the general public of the USA and rural Michigan were studied.The great importance of services such as those of education, welfare, electricity, government, roads, agricultural, health and family planning extension, locally serviced farm radio forum and other services emanating both from private and public sectors, as revealed by these studies, highlights the need in India for planning a new trade center, a community oriented society, related to the emerging town trade and growth centers, to fill the contact vacuum between the village and the distant and large district center.ZusammenfassungIn einer der grössten Untersuchungen in Asien wurden in 364 Dörfern Indiens je 4 einflussreiche Dorfbewohner und etwa 12 nach dem Zu‐fallsprinzip ausgewählte männliche und weibliche Einwohner befragt mit dem Ziel, das Ausmass des Wandels zu erfassen, der durch die Annahme verbesserter Methoden in der Landbewirtschaftung, in der Gesundheitsvorsorge und in der Familienplanung verursacht oden ist. Die Einflussreichen, die die Elite des Dorfes darstellen, hatten sich in der Praxis besser angepasst und waren sich des Wandels mehr bewusst und mehr auf ihn eingestellt als andere; die meisten er Befragten aber standen unter dem Einfluss dieser oder jener Veränderungen. Spätere abweichende Untersuchungen, die auch das indische National Institute of Community Development durchgeführt hat, ergaben: je höher der Rang der Kaste, desto stärker rationales Ver‐halten und Weltzugewandtheit; und je besser die Erziehung und/oder die Bildung der Bauern und der einflussreichen Personen, desto höher der Adoptionsgrad sowohl bei einzelnen Bauern als auch in den Dörfern. Diese Beziehungen blieben im allgemeinen statistisch significant, auch wenn der Einfluss einiger anderer Faktoren, die für die Bewertung des Adoptionsgrades wichtig sind (wie etwa Erwei‐terung der Kontakte üiber das Dorf hinaus, Qualität der Landwirt‐schaftlichen Produkte, Inanspruchnahme von Krediten oder der Wille dazu, sowie die Anziehungskraft der Stadt für die Bauern und Faktoren wie die Erweiterung der Handelsbeziehungen mit dem Dorf und die Verfügbarkeit von elektrischen Strom) isoliert wurden. Um festzustellen, ob die Schulbildung in Beziehung zu einigen dieser und anderer Faktoren steht, wurden Zufallsstichproben aus dem städtischen Mexiko, der Durchschnittsbevölkerung der Vereinigten Staaten und aus dem ländlichen Michigan ausgewertet. Die grosse Bedeutung solcher Einrichtungen (wie die der Erziehung, der Wohlfahrtspflege, elektrischen Strom, Verwaltung, Strassen, der Beratung in der Landwirtschaft, in Gesundheitsfragen und bei der Familienplanung, der regionale Landwirtschaftsfunk und andere Dienste der privaten und öffentlichen Hand) macht klar, dass in Indien angesichts der Entwicklung des städtischen Handels und der Wachstumszentren sich eine neue Gesellschaft in ländlichen Mittel‐punktgemeinden bilden muss, um das Vakuum zwischen Dorf und entferntem Distriktzentrum auszufüllen.