Military University

Abstract Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) contributes to angiogenesis and exerts neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. Altered VEGFA expression has been implicated in neurodegenerative processes, including Parkinson´s disease (PD), yet findings from peripheral transcriptomic studies remain inconsistent. Data on individuals at increased risk, particularly first-degree relatives (FDRs), are limited. Objective: To evaluate peripheral blood VEGFA mRNA expression in patients with PD and their asymptomatic FDRs compared with healthy controls, and to assess age-related patterns and diagnostic performance. Methods: Peripheral blood VEGFA expression was analyzed in 123 participants (PD patients, FDRs, healthy controls) using one-step RT-qPCR normalized to B2M . Relative expression values were log-transformed (logVEGFA). Group differences, age correlations, and diagnostic discrimination were assessed using ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: Both PD patients and FDRs showed significantly higher logVEGFA levels than healthy controls (p = 0.004), with the most pronounced differences observed in participants aged ≤ 60 years (p < 0.001). A positive correlation between age and logVEGFA was detected only in healthy controls. In participants aged ≤ 60 years, logVEGFA demonstrated excellent discrimination between PD patients and healthy individuals (AUC 0.897; 95% CI 0.771–1.000; sensitivity 100%, specificity 73.3%). Conclusions: Peripheral VEGFA expression is elevated in both PD patients and FDRs, particularly in younger individuals. Age-stratified VEGFA assessment may support early identification of individuals at risk of PD and complement existing prodromal biomarkers, pending longitudinal validation.

Aim. The purpose of the presented article is to identify the name of the main groups of scarce goods, causes and consequences based on written appeals from Soviet citizens to the newspaper Pravda, to complain about the shortage of goods, to verify the accuracy of the information in the letters with the office documentation of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Methodology. The article examines a set of unpublished historical sources on the subject of research. In addition to general scientific methods, the article used comparative, historical-genetic and other methods. Results. The study identified the main groups of scarce goods, the causes of the shortage, and the efforts of party and government agencies and the public to combat the shortage and its consequences. Research implications. The results of this study contribute to study of the history of our country during the pre-perestroika years of the late Soviet period, when in the USSR was creating a breeding ground for the spread of the “consumer paradise” values that were alien to socialism.

The main goal of this review is to comprehensively present the properties of silicon, germanium, and silicon-germanium systems and analyze current possibilities of producing fibers based on them for applications as a photovoltaic fabric for a future soldier. The vision of the future is to produce a feather-light photovoltaic optic fiber, exhibiting mechanical properties typical of Kevlar, enabling power/recharging of portable electric devices while simultaneously protecting against mechanical damage and explosions. This article analyzes, in detail, issues such as the occurrence and mobility of germanium in the environment, the life cycle of SiGe photovoltaic fabrics, ecotoxicological and human health implications, sustainable development strategies and policy implications, and analytical challenges due to low concentrations in the environment. Moreover, the advantages and disadvantages of silicon-based solar cells are analyzed, taking into account various factors, including environmental factors. Finally, the soldier of the future is analyzed.

The article examines a system of temporal and spatial indicators that determine the operational and combat capabilities of interceptor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) within modern air-defense structures. The subject of the study is the assessment and formalization of parameters that influence the effectiveness of intercepting small and low-visibility aerial threats, including strike UAVs and other low-speed airborne targets. The aim of the research is to develop an integrated system of indicators that can be used to evaluate, compare, and predict the effectiveness of interceptor UAVs under real combat conditions. The methodological foundation of this study is based on analytical modeling, chronometric measurements, and experimental flight tests. The research employs a step-by-step analysis of the engagement cycle, kinematic modeling of interceptor–target convergence, and empirical evaluation of optical guidance accuracy. Temporal parameters were determined through structured timing of operational procedures, while spatial parameters were derived using geometric modeling of engagement zones and subsequently verified through field experiments. This approach made it possible to identify key patterns in the interaction between the interceptor’s performance characteristics, the target’s motion parameters, and external factors such as terrain and electronic warfare interference. The results include a set of temporal indicators such as reaction time, interception time, optical acquisition time, and the overall duration of the engagement cycle. Together, they reflect the dynamic readiness and operational tempo of the interceptor UAV. Spatial indicators — including the far, near, upper, and lower boundaries of the engagement zone; maximum permissible course offset; convergence-zone parameters; and integral spatial–angular accuracy criteria — define the geometric conditions required for a successful interception. It was determined that the probability of target destruction depends significantly on the relative speed between the interceptor and the target, the target’s dwell time within the engagement zone, and the accuracy of entering the optical acquisition area. The study shows that the integral accuracy criterion for entering the optical acquisition zone serves as an informative indicator of terminal guidance quality. The proposed system of indicators provides a foundation for standardizing evaluation methodologies applicable to testing, certification, and operational employment of interceptor UAVs. The results obtained have practical value for improving the planning of combat duty, optimizing reaction time parameters, and enhancing the integration of interceptor UAVs into a multilayered air-defense system. The conclusions emphasize that the developed indicator system contributes to increasing the effectiveness of countering modern airborne threats and outlines promising directions for future research related to improving guidance algorithms, enhancing energy efficiency, and expanding the operational capabilities of interceptor UAV systems.

This article examines sociological tools for assessing conflict in the management environment of military units and their role in ensuring the sustainable functioning of military teams. It is shown that military organizations are characterized by high conflict potential due to a rigid hierarchy, regulation of activities, and the specific socio-psychological climate. The author reveals the key approaches to studying conflict, analyzes the structure of the management environment, and identifies its communicative, normative-value, and structural-functional components as the basis for diagnostics. The results of an empirical study are presented, confirming the importance of comprehensive diagnostics in assessing the state of management relations, and recommendations for optimizing conflict management mechanisms are outlined.

The article presents the results of a study of the relationship between meaningful orientations and emotional manifestations in military personnel of participants in a special military operation who have lost their sight in hostilities. There are relationships between the level of meaningfulness of life and the severity of symptoms of PTSD, depression and hopelessness, which indicate that a high level of meaningfulness of life acts as an important psychological mechanism that helps to reduce the negative impact of traumatic experience.

This study examines the development trajectory of information and communication technologies (ICT) and their role in establishing the digital economy in the Republic of Uzbekistan during the transformative period of 2015-2024, a critical phase marked by systematic digital transformation initiatives under national strategic frameworks. The research aims to assess the effectiveness of ICT infrastructure development and digital service integration across economic sectors in Uzbekistan's transition toward a digitally-driven economy. Employing comparative economic analysis, systems approach, and observation methods, the study analyzes comprehensive statistical data from the International Telecommunication Union, Open Data Portal of Uzbekistan, and governmental reports, examining key indicators including internet penetration rates, broadband subscriptions, fiber-optic network expansion, mobile internet coverage, and e-government service adoption across banking, industry, agriculture, and education sectors. Empirical findings reveal substantial growth in internet users from 43.6% to 85%, broadband subscribers increasing from 5.2 million to 23 million, fiber-optic networks expanding from 16,000 km to 100,000 km, and electronic public services rising from limited availability to 595 services by 2024, with sector-specific ICT penetration reaching 85% in banking and finance. The novelty lies in providing systematic longitudinal evidence of digital transformation outcomes under the "Digital Uzbekistan-2030" strategy implementation, demonstrating accelerated digitalization post-2020. The findings offer significant implications for policymakers in developing economies pursuing digital transformation, confirming that coordinated state-level ICT infrastructure investments and e-government initiatives effectively establish foundational conditions for sustainable digital economic development and enhanced international competitivenessKeywords : Digital Economy, Information And Communication Technologies, ICT Infrastructure, E-Government Services, Digital Transformation, Broadband PenetrationHighlight : Internet users increased from 43.6% (2015) to 85% (2024) in Uzbekistan Electronic government services expanded from limited offerings to 595 services by 2024 Banking sector digitalization reached 85%, leading all economic sectors by 2024.

This study examined the level of implementation, strategies, and challenges of collaborative governance during disaster response in Cebu Province. A total of 42 respondents from various disaster response agencies, including the Bureau of Fire Protection, local disaster risk reduction offices, and health emergency services, participated in the survey. The results showed that collaborative governance mechanisms were generally well-practiced, with strong inter-agency coordination, regular joint planning, effective resource sharing, and clear evacuation procedures. Early warning systems, pre-positioned supplies, and shelter management were identified as major strengths that contributed to rapid and organized disaster response. However, several challenges persisted. The most significant barriers reported were insufficient resources and logistics, followed by data management issues and communication gaps. Limited coordination among agencies, low stakeholder participation, and capacity and training issues were also noted but ranked as less critical. These challenges suggest the need for enhanced funding, clearer information-sharing protocols, and more inclusive engagement of community members and partners. Despite these obstacles, the study found that the majority of disaster response practices reflected a high level of preparedness and cooperation. Strengthening transparency, accountability, and training initiatives could further improve performance and build trust among stakeholders. Overall, the findings emphasize that while Cebu Province has established effective systems for managing disasters, addressing resource constraints, and improving collaboration can significantly enhance resilience and community safety. These insights can inform policy development, capacity building, and future disaster management planning in similar settings.

Hybrid warfare, a complex and evolving military strategy, combines conventional and unconventional tactics, encompassing elements like cyber operations, economic coercion, information warfare and the leveraging of non-state actors. While often perceived as a novel development in response to contemporary geopolitical challenges, this study argues that hybrid warfare has deep historical roots, traceable to classical military thought. This paper explores this historical continuity by analysing the key contributions of Sun Tzu, Emperor Maurice, strategic and ethical teachings within the Quran and Vegetius, demonstrating the enduring relevance of their insights to understanding contemporary hybrid conflict. These classical theorists, across different eras and cultures, consistently emphasised principles like deception, psychological manipulation, the integration of diverse tactics, unconventional approaches to warfare and the critical importance of adaptability, all of which are hallmarks of modern hybrid strategies. The paper also acknowledges and addresses the ongoing debate surrounding the significance and novelty of hybrid warfare.

<p dir="ltr"><span>Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is characterized as any degree of glucose intolerance that manifests during pregnancy and typically resolves postpartum. Diagnosis is commonly made through an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT); however, there are notable inconsistencies in diagnostic criteria and treatment thresholds both nationally and internationally. The onset of GDM generally occurs in the late second or early third trimester, with potential complications including fetal macrosomia, which may lead to difficult labor, and neonatal hypoglycemia due to excess insulin production in the infant’s pancreas. Furthermore, certain studies suggest that GDM may delay fetal brain development, resulting in long-term neurological impairments. Although artificial intelligence (AI) models have only recently emerged as a potential solution in various medical fields, their application continues to raise concerns, particularly regarding the use and storage of personal data. Machine Learning (ML), a subset of AI, utilizes multivariate classification methods, also known as supervised pattern recognition approaches, which are designed to identify patterns and correlations among multiple variables to categorize them into specific groups or classes. In this context, we are describing here .Thus, artificial intelligence has not yet demonstrated its full clinical potential in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Current applications remain limited in their impact on improving patient outcomes, largely due to methodological heterogeneity and the early stage of implementation. Still, AI has shown considerable promise in the domain of predictive modeling, particularly through its ability to process large volumes of clinical and biochemical data. This analytical capacity enables the identification of complex patterns and correlations that can support the accurate early prediction of GDM, potentially allowing for earlier intervention and personalized care strategies. Future research should focus on validating these predictive models in larger, diverse populations and integrating them into clinical workflows under appropriate regulatory and ethical frameworks.</span></p>