Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères

ABSTRACT Emails are an essential medium of communication. Their management is an organizational, security, legal and financial issue for all organizations. The interdepartmental digital archiving Vitam Programme, which develops a digital archives management system on behalf of the French government, could not help but wonder about the acquisition, preservation and access to the documents and data contained in email archives. In 2013, it carried out a proof of concept on email archiving, at a time when few archive services in France had embarked on the acquisition of this type of document. Ten years later, the French landscape in terms of digital recordkeeping has changed significantly. In practice, some archives have put in place strategies for archiving email, and tools have been made available to assist in their effort. This article looks at the transition from theory to practice of a more operational acquisition of this type of archive in a French context.

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Through its Priority Solidarity Fund, France set up a partnership with four United Nations agencies, WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, and UN WOMEN for the years 2011-2015 with an annual budget of 19 M €. An additional sixth year supplementary is underway. The program was developed through a common framework of actions coordinated and harmonized at the level of the target countries: integrated management of childhood diseases, mother-child nutrition, prenatal, perinatal, and postpartum follow-up, sexual and reproductive health, and adolescent health. The contribution of WHO was based on its normative role; UNICEF offered its operational capacity in the field, and UNFPA its focus on reproductive health, while UN WOMEN dealt with gender questions. The countries targeted specifically were: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Haiti, Mali, Nigeria, Central Africa Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Senegal, Chad, and Togo.

Le modèle français demeure l’inspiration majeure dans l’organisation du secteur public de l’enseignement aux Comores. Les performances de celui-ci ont globalement progressé, mais elles demeurent encore éloignées des standards internationaux. Les débats sur l’articulation de l’enseignement préscolaire public avec les écoles religieuses, sur la contribution au développement national de la jeune université des Comores et sur la question de la langue à privilégier sont vifs. Ils se traduisent par des compromis fragiles au plan politique qui conduisent à l’émergence progressive d’un système hybride.

In February 1991, at the first plenary session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee, the prospect of successfully negotiating a Framework Convention on Climate Change seemed problematical at best. The complexity of the issues, the continuing scientific uncertainty about the causes and the impacts of the historically observed climate change, the wide range of countries' diverging views as to what action (if any) should be taken, the decision by many southern countries that the responsibility for action to reduce the risks of climate change should fall to the industrialized nations—each of these aspects of the situation in which negotiations began seemed to present insurmountable obstacles to the early conclusion of a worldwide agreement. They certainly made it seem unlikely that any agreement could be reached which would include significant commitments to emissions reductions or legal constraints on economically important activities. To complicate the situation further, economic crises and changing political priorities focused public interest on other challenges. For those at the highest levels of government, in the industrial countries in particular, the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the Gulf war, and the upheaval in Eastern Europe emerged in turn to divert political attention away from the climate issue. The result obtained one and a half years later—156 signatures to the Convention gathered during fifteen days at the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development (UNCED, also called the Earth Summit) in Rio de Janeiro—must be assessed in light of these considerations.