Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic

The aim of the study was to critically analyse the effectiveness of international treaties in combating human trafficking. The study was conducted using dogmatic, comparative legal and criminological methods of analysis of international treaties, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and national courts, statistical data from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, as well as the practice of implementing international obligations at the national level in European and Central Asian states. The study found that the Palermo Protocol demonstrates a significant imbalance between mandatory criminal prosecution of traffickers and discretionary measures to protect victims, which critically reduces its effectiveness and hinders victims’ cooperation with law enforcement agencies. Analysis of the data showed that sexual exploitation and forced labour account for almost equal shares in the overall structure of human trafficking, with a steady trend of significant growth in the number of underage victims, which highlights the problem of adequate implementation of special protection mechanisms. It has been established that making the provision of assistance conditional on cooperation with law enforcement agencies creates a pathological situation that contradicts basic human rights principles and undermines the effectiveness of both protection and prosecution. A comparative analysis of the Palermo Protocol and the Council of Europe Convention has demonstrated a qualitative transformation of the international legal approach from a crime-oriented to a comprehensive human rights model. The GRETA monitoring mechanism, with its independent expert status and powers to conduct regular visits, addresses the critical shortcoming of the universal instrument in terms of the lack of effective oversight of the implementation of international obligations. The results obtained can be used to improve national legislation, develop programmes for the protection and rehabilitation of victims, strengthen international cooperation and create independent monitoring mechanisms at the universal level

This study investigates current trends in international trade relations by examining the challenges and structural shifts facing both developed and developing economies. The research employed a combination of qualitative content analysis and comparative document analysis, focusing on economic indicators and policy developments across diverse national contexts. A systematic evaluation of macroeconomic reports, media narratives, and trade statistics enabled the identification of key disruptions, including the 2008 global financial crisis and the 2020 pandemic, both of which significantly reduced GDP in the USA, China, Germany, Argentina, and Kyrgyzstan. To assess long-term trade dynamics, the study applied comparative economic profiling, tracing changes in export volumes, trade structure, and growth forecasts. Particular attention was given to landlocked and middle-income countries, revealing that despite structural vulnerabilities, Argentina and Kyrgyzstan increased their exports of goods and services by 1.5 times. Additionally, the proportion of developing countries in global trade rose from 24% in 1964 to 44% in recent years. The study also applied geopolitical and logistical analysis to assess the impact of maritime disruptions, finding that conflicts near key transport routes have extended delivery timelines from 12 to 20 days by 2024. Furthermore, projections for landlocked countries show a post-pandemic recovery lag, with growth rates at 4.7% and 4.8% for 2024 and 2025, respectively, which remain below the pre-pandemic benchmark of 5.3%. In conclusion, while the findings underscore the vulnerability of global trade to systemic crises, they also highlight emerging opportunities for sustainable growth through strategic adaptation and export diversification. The applied methodological approach, grounded in triangulation across statistical, documentary, and discursive sources, ensures a robust basis for interpreting economic development within the evolving landscape of international trade.

This paper aims to analyse the recruitment and selection system of the civil service in the Kyrgyz Republic. The process is critical to improving the quality of the workforce and the effectiveness of public services. To achieve these goals, the authorities have improved the recruitment and selection system for public service based on merit. Merit-based recruitment helps to ensure the recruitment of the most talented people through fair and transparent processes, the better allocation of human resources, and the circumvention of corruption and nepotism. Based on a literature review and interviews with members of the Competition Committees, it was found that the current system faces several challenges, including the need for more transparency, insufficient capacity building, and weak performance management. Keywords: Recruitment, Selection, Civil service, Civil Servant, Interview, Members of Competition Committee, Meritocracy, Competency-based recruitment.

Abstract. The article deals with the study of the institution of mediation in the Kyrgyz Republic. The concept, goals, objectives of the institution of mediation, the introduction of the institution of mediation into civil proceedings, which contributes to the creation and development of an effective institution of mediation in the country, is also given. The principles of mediation and the results of the application of the conciliation procedure for further criminal proceedings are disclosed. It is proposed to consider mediation precisely as an independent type of professional activity, which consists in providing qualified assistance to participants in disputed legal relations in resolving a dispute that has arisen between them.

Background The GYTS, a component of the Global Tobacco Surveillance System, is a global standard for systematically monitoring youth tobacco use (smoking and smokeless) and tracking key tobacco control indicators. GYTS is a nationally representative school-based survey among students aged 13 to 15 years. GYTS-Kyrgyzstan was conducted in 2003, 2008 and 2014 by support WHO and CDC USA. Methods GYTS uses a global standardized methodology that includes a two-stage sample design with schools selected. In all GYTS of Kyrgyzstan was used the standard core questionnaire with a set of optional questions that permited adaptation to meet the needs of the country on tobacco use and key tobacco control indicators. In 2003, 4270 students participated in GYTS of Kyrgyzstan, the response rate was 98.8%; in 2008 - response rate - 93.2% (4038 students) and in 2014 the response rate was 85.9%, total - 4273 students participated. Results The comparative analysis of results of GYTS in 2003, 2008 and 2014 shows, that cigarette smoking level among youth- boys aged 13-15 years decreased form 2 times from 2003 to 2014, among girls it decreased from 4% in 2003 to 1% in 2014. However, nasvay (smokeless tobacco) using among boys increased from 3,2% in 2003 to 7,6% in 2014 and among girls from 1% in 2003 to 3% in 2014 or more than 3 times. If 65% of students were exposed to tobacco smoke at home in 2003, in 2014 this level decreased to 13,5%. 73.6% of students definitely thought other people's tobacco smoking is harmful to them. 79.9% of students favor banning smoking inside enclosed public places. Conclusions The results of GYTS 2003, 2008 and 2014 in Kyrgyzstan demonstrated that tobacco control policy in Kyrgyzstan should be changed and nasvay control should be strong same as cigarettes control.It will assist in effective implementation of FCTC in Kyrgyzstan.