Ministry of Science and Higher Education

This article presents the results of research into Podlasie surnames motivated by common nouns (appellatives). Appellatives reconstructed on the basis of surnames used in this region are very often associated genetically with East Slavonic subdialects (mainly Belarusian and Ukrainian), which differ from Polish at the phonetic level, including full-voiced articulation, the lack of nasal vowel production, softening in combinations such as *tj, *dj and other features. The presence of subdialect vocabulary of East Slavonic origin shows the influence of the Belarusian and Ukrainian languages, and their regional varieties on the process of surname formation in Podlasie, reaching the area under discussion together with successive waves of incomers of Russian origin.

Steroid-induced diabetes is arare disease in the paediatric population. High doses of corticosteroids are used in diseases such as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), lymphomas, or connective tissue diseases. Post-steroid hyperglycaemia arises as aresult of increased gluconeogenesis and increased glycogen synthesis. Steroid-induced diabetes most often is asymptomatic; therefore it is important to monitor the glycaemic level in patients receiving systemic glucocorticoids. So far, no separate guidelines for steroid-induced diabetes have been developed, so the criteria for diagnosing drug-related diabetes mellitus do not differ from the criteria for diagnosing type 2 diabetes. Hyperglycaemia adversely affects the immune system: it impairs the function of granulocytes, immunoglobulins, and also causes T-lymphocyte apoptosis. A hyperglycaemic environment favours the development of bacterial and fungal infections. Numerous studies confirm that hyperglycaemia increases the risk of infection and severity of infection. There have also been reports of adverse effects of steroid-induced hyperglycaemia in the course of treatment for the underlying disease in the adult population. Reports related to the paediatric population are not as numerous. There are studies that have proven anincreased risk of infection in paediatric patients with ALL and steroid-induced diabetes, as well as studies that proved an unfavourable effect of diabetes on survival in children with ALL and as well the studies that proved that risk of life-threatening infection and survival does not differ statistically in the group of patients with hyperglycaemia and in the group of patients who did not develop diabetes.

Hypoglycaemia unawareness, defined at the onset of neuroglycopenia before the appearance of autonomic warning symptoms, is an serious problem in type 1 diabetes mellitus. It is often caused by recurrent or severe hypoglycaemia, which leads to the failure of the autonomic nervous system (hypoglycaemia-associated autonomic failure - HAAF). The hypoglycaemia awareness can be restored by avoiding episodes of hypoglycaemia. Management of hypoglycaemia unawareness is complex, and can only be achieved by amultifactorial intervention of clinical care and structured patient education. In patients in whom functional intensive insulin therapy with insulin analogue, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion using insulin pumps are ineffective in the prevention of hypoglycaemia the implementation of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is advisable. CGM systems equipped with low glucose alarms and prediction alarms not only significantly reduce the risk of severe hypoglycaemia, but also significantly reduce the fear of hypoglycaemia and improve the quality of life of patients and their families. The insulin pumps integrated with CGM automatically suspending insulin infusion when glucose is predicted to soon be low (PLGS) should be preferred in patient with hypoglycaemia unawareness. Hypoglycaemia management is complex and should also include structural education. Particular attention should be paid to the management of hypoglycaemia and appropriate use of modern therapy. The hypoglycaemia unawareness is very common among children under the age of 6 years who are unable to observe the early symptoms of hypoglycemia by themselves. This induces ahigh risk of frequent and severe hypoglycaemia, which can lead to structural changes in the brain, cognitive dysfunctions, poor mental abilities and behavioral disorders later in life.

The objective of this paper is to present three different models of regional railway passenger transport that emerged in the process of post-communist transition after 1989 in neighbouring countries: Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. After an introduction, the second section of the paper shows the historical, spatial and socio-economic context of the analysis. The three resulting models are presented in the following section. This part of the paper is also devoted to the discussion of the developments, experiences and results obtained in Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The final section provides conclusions.

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