Morrisons (United Kingdom)

Okul oncesi egitiminin cocuklarin gelecek yasamlarindaki etkisi goz onunde bulunduruldugunda, bu surecin kritik bir oneme sahip oldugu soylenebilir. Egitimin bu doneminin amaclarina ulasabilmesinde okul oncesi ogretmenlerinin onemli bir rolu olmakla birlikte, bu surecin daha kolay ve daha verimli gecirilmesi icin hem okul oncesi ogretmenlerinin, hem de bu kademedeki cocuklarin ve ailelerinin profesyonel bir yardima ihtiyaclari vardir. Bu durumda, okulda bulunan bir psikolojik danisman da cocugun egitim deneyimlerinde onemli bir rol oynayacaktir. Bu nedenle bu calisma, okul oncesi ogretmen adaylarinin ve psikolojik danisman adaylarinin okul oncesi egitim kademesinde surdurulen rehberlik hizmetleri ile ilgili goruslerini ortaya koymayi ve bu gorusleri karsilastirmayi amaclamaktadir. Bu calismada, temel ni¬tel arastirma (basic qualitative research) yontemi kullanilmistir. Calismaya, 15 okul oncesi ogretmen adayi ve 21 psikolojik danisman adayi katilmistir. Calismanin verileri, arastirmacilar tarafindan gelistirilmis yari yapilandirilmis bir gorusme formu ile toplanmistir. Nitel veri analizi icin, kelime tekrari yontemi kullanilmistir. Calismanin bulgularina gore, katilimcilarin cogu, okul oncesi donemde rehberlik hizmetlerinin gerekli oldugunu dusunmektedir. Ayrica, okul oncesi donemde verilecek rehberlik hizmetleri ile ilgili okul oncesi ogretmen adaylari ve psikolojik danisman adaylari benzer gorusler bildirmislerdir. Son olarak, bu donemde rehberlik hizmetlerinin daha verimli hale getirilmesi icin veli toplantilari duzenlenmesi, katilimcilar tarafindan en cok dile getirilen oneridir.

To determine the effects of resuscitation with the colloidal solution (hydroxyethyl starch) vs. crystalloid solution on cell-mediated immune functions after trauma-hemorrhage. Prospective, multiexperimental, randomized, controlled study. University research laboratory. Thirty-six inbred male C3H/HEN (endotoxin-sensitive) mice, aged 6 to 7 wks, and weighing 18 to 23 g. Crystalloid (lactated Ringer's solution) with and without 6% hydroxyethyl starch after trauma-hemorrhage. Mice underwent laparotomy, were bled to and maintained at a blood pressure of 40 mm Hg for 60 mins, then resuscitated with either 4x the shed blood volume as lactated Ringer's solution or 2x the shed blood volume as lactated Ringer's solution plus 1 x 6% hydroxyethyl starch. Sham mice were neither hemorrhaged nor resuscitated. At 2 or 24 hrs posthemorrhage, serum, splenocytes, peritoneal macrophages, and splenic macrophages were obtained. Bioassays were used to determine interleukin-2, interleukin-3, and interleukin-6 concentrations, while splenocyte proliferation was assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Trauma-hemorrhage markedly depressed splenocyte proliferation, interleukin-6 release by macrophages, and lymphokine release at 2 and 24 hrs postresuscitation. The combination of lactated Ringer's solution and hydroxyethyl starch neither restored, nor exacerbated lymphocyte functions. Interleukin-6 release by peritoneal macrophages was restored 24 hrs after hydroxyethyl starch infusion; serum interleukin-6 concentrations remained at sham levels. Since the use of lactated Ringer's solution and hydroxyethyl starch after hemorrhage did not adversely affect cell-mediated immune functions, but produced salutary effects on macrophage functions, hydroxyethyl starch is a safe and beneficial resuscitation adjunct.