Museum of Military Medicine

The World Health Organisation (WHO) calculated in 2019 that as many as 970 million people across the globe had a mental illness. 1 Despite its prominence today and its enduring presence throughout human history, leading scholars in the field acknowledge the immense challenges in researching the history of mental health.Borrowing lexicon from the ancient Greek myth of Sisyphus, whom the gods condemned to roll a heavy boulder to the top of a hill for all eternity, Andrew Scull described writing histories of mental illness as a 'Sisyphean task' . 2 Edward Shorter similarly labelled the history of psychiatry as 'a minefield' . 3 The challenges of writing such histories reflect the contentious nature of mental illness itself.Despite supposed advances in medical research, the mass production of psychopharmaceutical drugs and the increase in people undergoing therapy, contemporary societies remain uncertain about how to clearly demarcate an unhealthy mind from a healthy one. 4 There is no uncontested and universally agreed upon definition of what constitutes mental health and mental ill health.As British-based health sociologist Peter Morrall points out, for example, the National 1 These figures were taken from the World Health Organisation's website; https://www.who.int/health-topics/mental-health

In 1330, the Hungarian royal family was attacked in the palace of Visegrád. This attack wounded the King and severed four fingers off the right hand of the Queen, Elizabeth of Poland. Queen Elizabeth lived another fifty years as a partial amputee. While she is mostly known for her artistic patronage and her religious pilgrimages, thus far the question of her status as a partial amputee has not been explored. This article thus aims to discuss not only how disability was depicted in fourteenth century Hungary, but even how Elizabeth herself is depicted in various media. Ultimately, sculpture depicting the Queen shows that rather than emphasizing her wounded right hand, her advanced age seems to be more of a defining and unique feature.

Introduction This study aimed to assess the relationship between immediate post-operative imaging and the risk of revision surgery for mechanical failure, as well as to determine the effect of routine peer review of post-operative imaging on the rate of unsatisfactory radiological outcomes and revision surgery. Methods Two trauma fellowship-trained consultants reviewed all post-operative images prior to the department adopting a metalwork multidisciplinary team and judged whether the surgery was satisfactory or not. Trauma lists and imaging were reviewed for a 90-day follow-up period to determine if a patient had required revision surgery. Following analysis a daily review was introduced where a consensus decision was reached regarding the fixation. A further 90-day follow-up period was utilised to determine the subsequent rate of revision surgery. Results In the first cohort 977 cases were identified with an overall revision rate of 2.5%, 875 cases having satisfactory imaging (89.6%) and 102 unsatisfactory (10.4%). Revision rates were 0.5% and 19.6%, respectively. Following introduction of the daily peer review process 709 cases were identified with an overall revision rate of 1.6%, 664 cases had satisfactory imaging (93.7%) and 45 unsatisfactory (6.3%). Revision rates were 0.5% and 17.8%, respectively. Patients with unsatisfactory imaging were significantly more likely to require a revision ( p < 0.0001). There was a significant drop of 4% in the rate of unsatisfactory imaging between the two cohorts. Conclusion Unsatisfactory post-trauma imaging can be predictive of the need for revision surgery and peer review of imaging should form part of continuous clinical governance.

A synopsis of the Palaearctic species of the ant genus Cardiocondyla Emery 1869 is provided. The four species groups which are of Palaearctic origin or which are restricted in their distribution to this faunal zone, the C. elegans, C. ulianini, C. batesii and C. stambuloffii group-consisting of 25 recognized species-are taxonomically revised. Further nine species belonging to species groups of Ethiopic and Oriental origin which may penetrate into and build up true outdoor populations in the southern Palaearctic are only treated in the determination key. The main working rationale of this revision is Numeric Morphology-Based Alpha-Taxonomy (NUMOBAT) with formation of species hypotheses largely based on exploratory data analyses and checking these hypotheses by discriminant analysis. NUMOBAT data of the species considered comprise 727 worker samples with 1555 individuals and 23,300 primary data. Including high-resolution photos of surface microstructures, all species are depicted by z-stack imaging in four standard visual positions. Numeric data on 19 phenotypical characters are presented in comparative tables and supplementary verbal descriptions are given. In contrast to species groups with Ethiopian, Oriental and Australasian origin, no member of the four Palaearctic species groups has developed a tramp species potential to spread globally. Four cryptic species are described as new: Cardiocondyla dalmaticoides n. sp., C. caspiense n. sp., C. verdensis n. sp. and C. rolandi n. sp. Confirmed were the synonymies of Cardiocondyla elegans santschii Forel 1905, C. provincialis Bernard 1956 and Xenometra gallica Bernard 1957 with C. elegans Emery 1869, that of C. elegans eleonorae Forel 1911 with C. bulgarica Forel 1892, that of C. elegans torretassoi Finzi 1936 with C. nigra Forel 1905, and that of C. bogdanovi Ruzsky 1905, C. montandoni Santschi 1912 and C. stambuloffii taurica Karavajev 1927 with C. stambuloffii Forel 1892. Cardiocondyla bicoronata Seifert 2003 was newly synonymized with C. nigra Forel 1905.

Wildlife research by citizen scientists, involving the capture and handling of animals, provides clear scientific benefits, but also potential risks to animal welfare. We explore debates about how best to regulate such work to ensure that it is undertaken in an ethical manner.We focus on the UK as a case study, drawing on qualitative research and stakeholder engagement events. We show that because trapping and marking of certain species requires minimal licensing, training and justification, some argue for increased formal regulation to minimise risks to animal welfare. However, others have reflected on the already complex regulatory landscape affecting wildlife research, and have expressed concern that introducing additional formal regulations could potentially make citizen science working with wildlife more difficult. Informal regulation could therefore offer a preferable alternative.We set out three steps that could be taken to open up conversations about ethics and regulation of wildlife-focussed citizen science, in the UK and elsewhere: (a) take stock of wildlife-focussed citizen science in terms of numbers and harms to animal welfare; (b) assess the state of formal regulations and consider reforms; and (c) consider informal regulations as alternatives or additions to formal regulations.

As the federal government’s largest Earth-science research agency, the US Geological Survey (USGS) provides scientific information to describe and understand the Earth’s resources. Although often associated with measuring and forecasting earthquakes, the USGS has a strong legacy that has involved collecting and studying rocks and fossils since its creation in 1879; more recent collections have included vertebrates,

In 2014, Greece and Bulgaria celebrate the 60 th anniversary of the 1954 restoration of diplomatic relations .The history of the Greek-Bulgarian rapprochement after decades of hostility and national rivalry represents a unique case of postwar recovery and reconciliation, comparable only to the German-French example .Indeed, the course of Greek-Bulgarian relations is particularly interesting because it often transcends the specific aspects of bilateral developments and takes account of broader geopolitical processes, such as the conflicting uS and Soviet stances on key Cold War issues or the energy rivalry in the post-1989 period.Using the method of diachronic analysis, the article gives an overview of the development of Greek-Bulgarian relations, as it seeks to outline the major achievements of the past and the possible challenges for the future .

Corresponding Author: Captain (Retd) PH Starling MA, DHMSA, FRHistS; Director Army Medical Services Museum, Keogh Barracks, Ash Vale, Aldershot GU12 5RQ Tel: 01252 868820 Fax: 01252 868832 Email: armymedicalmuseum@btinternet.com Lucknow Lucknow sits as the capital of Oudh and was the home of the British Resident. To the mutineers it symbolised British rule and so they directed their attention to it. The Chief Commissioner had spent most of his life in India and aware of the trouble brewing amongst the native troops had prepared for the eventuality of troubles. His force numbered 1730 men plus civilians and non-combatants. Once the Commissioner heard of the mutiny he immediately disarmed his Sepoy forces and drove them out of the city which he then prepared for the arrival of the mutineers. Over the next few months the city was besieged with the Residency becoming the centre of resistance. A relief force set out for Lucknow in July and after capturing Cownpore en route, had to wait there for reinforcements. By 23rd September the relief column was just a few miles south of Lucknow and prepared to assault the city and relieve the Residency which it did, two days later. By now the relief column itself was severely depleted and found itself besieged in the Residency; this lasted a further six weeks. On 12th November, a further relief column approached the Residency and by 19th November had broken through and began to evacuate it [1]. Marching in that first relief column were the 78th Highlanders who had as their Surgeon, Joseph Jee with Valantine McMaster as an Assistant Surgeon.