NRK (Norway)

Document chunking fundamentally impacts Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) by determining how source materials are segmented before indexing.Despite evidence that Large Language Models (LLMs) are sensitive to the layout and structure of retrieved data, there is currently no framework to analyze the impact of different chunking methods.In this paper, we introduce a novel methodology that defines essential characteristics of the chunking process at three levels: intrinsic passage properties, extrinsic passage properties, and passages-document coherence.We propose HOPE (Holistic Passage Evaluation), a domain-agnostic, automatic evaluation metric that quantifies and aggregates these characteristics.Our empirical evaluations across seven domains demonstrate that the HOPE metric correlates significantly ( > 0.13) with various RAG performance indicators, revealing contrasts between the importance of extrinsic and intrinsic properties of passages.Semantic independence between passages proves essential for system performance with a performance gain of up to 56.2% in factual correctness and 21.1% in answer correctness.On the contrary, traditional assumptions about maintaining concept unity within passages show minimal impact.These findings provide actionable insights for optimizing chunking strategies, thus improving RAG system design to produce more factually correct responses.

Currently, it is undeniable that social media is being enjoyed by people of all age groups, including Gen Z, on an almost hourly and even minute basis. Social media serves as a platform for individuals to interact with others, creating, sharing, exchanging, and modifying ideas through virtual communication. In Indonesia, YouTube has become a popular and favored social media platform. One of the YouTube accounts that has gained significant popularity is Andrew Kalaweit's account. Andrew Kalaweit is a Youtuber who focuses on nature conservation and has become an influential figure in this field. This research adopts a descriptive quantitative methodology with a positivism paradigm. The sampling method used in this study is non-probability sampling technique and purposive sampling method. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of Andrew Kalaweit's YouTube content on the environmental care attitudes of Generation Z. The results of the simple linear regression analysis indicate that Y = 12.617 + 0.794X, with a significance value of 0.000, based on the findings of the conducted research. This study demonstrates that Andrew Kalaweit's YouTube account has a positive influence on the environmental care attitudes of Gen Z.

The mechanisms behind expansions of the distribution of a bird species and the ensuing establishment of new populations are poorly known. The distribution of Great Grey Owl (Strix nebulosa) in the western Palearctic has generally expanded towards southwest during the past fifty years, and particularly so in Fennoscandia. In the past decade, the recorded breeding population in Norway, confined to Hedmark county bordering Sweden, increased from 1 pair in 2009 to > 100 pairs in 2017–2018, extending the southwestern border of the distribution > 100 km. We studied the age structure of this expanding population based on the molting pattern of the wing feathers of birds captured at the nest site for banding and of non-captured birds photographed in flight. In Fennoscandia the Great Grey Owl relies on shrews and microtine rodents, which usually fluctuate in 3–4 years cycles. The proportion of 1-year old birds among the nesting Great Grey Owls was higher in peak year two of each small mammal population cycle (2011, 2014 and 2018) than in peak year one (2010, 2013 and 2017), and was particularly high (77%) in 2011 when the owl population was far lower (22 nestings recorded) than in later corresponding years (64 nestings in 2014 and 103 in 2018). Thus, this population seems to have been founded to a large extent by birds nesting as 1 year olds, and most likely having dispersed from Sweden. The ability to determine the age of Great Grey Owls without having to capture them extended our data set, in particular for males, which are more reluctant to attack intruders at the nest site and, therefore, less likely to be captured for banding. Being able to age a bird without having to capture it is important, because trapping does not sample a bird population randomly.

The EBU, NRK and VRT are three European media companies. The EBU is the largest association of broadcasters. The NRK and VRT are the national public broadcasters in Norway and in Belgium (Flemish). The EBU, NRK and VRT are known in the media community for striving innovation. They have developed recognised expertise in engineering solutions and standards around the management of information for the audiovisual industry in a multi-lingual environment. They promote the use of semantic technologies for the production and distribution of content across a variety of media and platforms. In this context, Wikipedia, DBpedia, automatic metadata extraction and other tools are important information sources. This is not an academic paper but a report on the operational use of such information (access, usability, long term availability of information, editorial quality) and needs by the media industry. For broadcasters, minimizing cost and complexity is of the essence!

Abstract Studies were carried out on the growth of mould and the production of mycotoxins in grain during drying and storage. Various amounts of forced ambient air, 800, 600, 400, 200 and 0 m3 (air)/(hour ton), were used to dry wheat, which contained 32% moisture at harvest. Samples for mycological examination and determination of mycotoxins and moisture content were taken weekly. At harvest the mould flora consisted of various field fungi with less than 10% Fusarium spp. An increasing proportion of Aspergillius and Penicillium spp. were recorded in the bins at 0 and 200 m3 (air)/h t. The mycotoxin analysis indicated that the Fusarium spp. were also metabolically active until at least five weeks after the grain was put into the store room. The concentration of deoxynivalenol (DON) reached about 10 mg/kg after three weeks in the bins with no air flow, and about 2 mg/kg in the bins at 200 m3 (air)/h t. The zearalenone concentration also increased considerably, to about 5 mg/kg, in the bins with no air flow. The present results show that drying of grains using forced ambient air may produce good conditions for growth of field fungi as well as storage fungi if the flow of air is too low.