Narxoz University

Type of the article: Research ArticleAbstractGreen lending growth can support bank resilience and is therefore relevant to Kazakhstan’s pathway to carbon neutrality by 2060. The study created a panel of banking years (2015–2024) and assessed the relationships between banks’ regulatory compliance, digitalization, borrowers’ ESG performance, and green loan volumes using multivariate models. The research provides short-term forecasts using compressed ARIMAX and policy scenarios. Moreover, 20 purposively selected semi-structured interviews (commercial bank executives, SME owners, customers, and policy experts) and a national survey of 850 adult bank customers / SME owners led by the author were added. Across preferred specifications, regulatory eligibility and borrower ESG are consistently positive: policy support is associated with KZT 7-9 billion more green credit per bank year, and each one-point increase in borrower ESG is associated with KZT 0.34-0.38 billion higher volumes. Digitalization is positive but model-sensitive, strengthening within-bank variation; larger banks extend more green credit, consistent with capacity advantages. The results are interpreted through three stability channels: improved screening/asset quality, portfolio tilt toward taxonomy-aligned exposures, and funding access without making solvency claims. Scenario paths suggest aggregate green lending could reach KZT 80-96 billion by 2027 under aligned policy-ESG-digital conditions; under weak support, it may stagnate near KZT 49-55 billion. Findings motivate the development of a binding taxonomy with standardized disclosures, a national ESG scorecard registry, and inclusive digital rails to enhance SME and rural uptake.

This study examines the conceptual, intellectual, ideological, and historical roots of the kemalist discourse, as well as the theoretical foundations of Westernization, modernization, and secularization of Turkish society. The aim of the research is to analyze the role of kemalist discourse in Turkish politics and to identify the paradigm shift from kemalism to alternative political discourses. The objectives include identifying the strengths of kemalism and revealing its weaknesses and limitations amid profound political transformations and changes in Turkey’s domestic and foreign policy. The relevance of the study is determined by the decline of the dominant kemalist discourse and the rise of alternative political ideologies, particularly following the coming to power of the Justice and Development Party. The methodology is based on a critical review of academic literature and historical sources, as well as methods of historical analysis and critical discourse analysis. These approaches make it possible to examine how the kemalist discourse shaped the secular republican political order andguided the development of Turkish society since the foundation of the republic. The findings show that kemalism functioned as a hegemonic ideology of state and nation-building, transforming Turkey from an Eastern political entity into a modern, Westernized, and secular state. During the nation-building process, the kemalist elite focused on constructing a new secular and Westernoriented national identity, marginalizing Islam, the Ottoman past, and certain ethno-religious minorities. At the same time, internal contradictions of kemalism were revealed, which contributed to the rise of conservative and Islamist movements and the search for a new national paradigm. The study enhances understanding of the complexity and trends of contemporary Turkish politics and provides a foundation for further research. Keywords: kemalism, Turkey, nationalism, secularism, Westernization, Islam, neo-Ottomanism.

Machine translation for low-resource languages such as Kazakh remains a complex task due to the scarcity of training data, intricate morphological structures, and culturally specific linguistic characteristics. This study presents the first extensive exploration of fine-tuning large language models for automated post-editing of Kazakh translations. We introduce KazPE, a carefully curated and annotated dataset that includes 10,008 training sentences and 311 test sentences spanning six domains: the medical, scientific, journalistic, oral, fiction, and legal. The dataset features detailed error classifications across 9 linguistic categories. Our method fine-tunes GPT-4.1 mini using supervised learning to enhance translation quality by systematically correcting targeted errors. According to human evaluations, conducted on a continuous 0–1 scale, the fine-tuned model achieves an average quality score of 0.84, surpassing the baseline score of 0.80, corresponding to a 5% relative improvement. The greatest improvements are observed in handling morphological and lexical errors, as well as in domain-specific texts—particularly in legal (+17%) and medical (+22%) domains. In addition, the translations were evaluated using the automatic metrics: BLEU, TER and METEOR. The fine-tuned model shows improvements across all automatic metrics (BLEU, TER, METEOR), which confirms better n-gram overlap with reference texts, fewer edits needed, and enhanced lexical and semantic alignment with the reference texts. Comprehensive error analysis shows that the fine-tuning process effectively mitigates challenges related to Kazakh’s agglutinative morphology and specialized terminology, while preserving accuracy on already correct sentences. This research establishes the first structured evaluation framework for Kazakh translation post-editing and offers valuable guidance for enhancing machine translation in morphologically rich, low-resource languages. To facilitate further progress in Turkic language processing, we publicly release the KazPE dataset, trained models, and evaluation framework.

The article explores a wide range of tools that are helpful in improving personalized learning, such as models, methods, and slants with an accent to the difficulties and successful moments in their application to the e-learning process. The widely used learning style models of user-centered approach like Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Kolb’s theory of Empirical learning, Dunn and Dunn Learning Styles Model, Felder-Silverman Learning Style Model were reviewed in detail. The technology-centered approach was discussed on the example "Protus" system. In addition, it was observed that the use of personalization methods in combination with technological advances leads to promising results, because these two approaches can cover each others shortcomings. For example, the Felder-Silverman model is flexible in meeting the diverse needs of students, while systems such as Protus demonstrate the effectiveness of modular and semantic technologies in adaptive learning. In the result were highlighted the role of clustering, data mining, and algorithms for recommendation to success in the delivery of educational content in the mode of real time. However, the paper highlights that ethical reasoning, issues of privacy, and the lack of standardized algorithms for recommendation remain the major problem. Future researches dedicated to the implication of hybrid models, which consider natural language processing and adaptive dynamic algorithms of personalization are very important for the further evolution of recommendation systems in education.

As the era of quantum computing approaches, the fundamental cryptographic primitives securing global communications face a paradigm shift. With the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) finalizing new standards, the industry must urgently address the vulnerabilities of legacy systems. The imminent advent of CRQCs (Cryptographically Relevant Quantum Computers) poses an existential threat to the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) underpinning the global digital economy. Classical algorithms such as RSA and ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography) are vulnerable to polynomial-time cryptanalysis via Shor’s algorithm. This study investigates the HNDL (Harvest Now, Decrypt Later) threat model and evaluates the resilience of NIST-standardized PQC (Post-Quantum Cryptography) algorithms: ML-KEM and ML-DSA. Utilizing a high-performance Fortinet networking environment, we experimentally validate that "Hybrid Mode" IPsec VPNs can achieve quantum resistance with negligible performance degradation, offering a viable migration path for enterprise infrastructure. Specifically, we benchmark the trade-offs between PQC’s larger key sizes and network latency, demonstrating that the overhead remains within acceptable operational thresholds. Implementing hybrid protocols provides a critical transition mechanism, allowing organizations to secure long-term data confidentiality against retrospective decryption while preserving interoperability with legacy systems.

В статье рассмотрено влияние динамики мировых цен на нефть на развитие нефтегазового сектора Казахстана и изменение структурных пропорций экономического роста в 2020-2024 гг. Проанализировано состояние нефтегазового и ненефтегазового секторов на основе официальных статистических данных, отражающих изменения валовой добавленной стоимости, индекса физического объема и долевых параметров в составе ВВП. Показано, что нефтегазовый сектор сохраняет значимую роль в экономике, однако выявлено устойчивое снижение его относительного вклада на фоне ускоренного роста ненефтегазового блока. Сопоставлены ключевые индикаторы отрасли с динамикой среднегодовой цены на нефть марки Brent. Определено, что реакция нефтегазового сектора обладает инерционностью и асимметрией, а чувствительность к внешним ценовым колебаниям постепенно изменяется. Установлено, что внутренняя структура экономики демонстрирует признаки адаптации, что выражается в изменении отраслевых пропорций и усилении роли несырьевых источников роста. На основе проведенного анализа сформулированы рекомендации, направленные на повышение устойчивости экономики Казахстана к нефтяным шокам, включающие меры макроэкономической стабилизации, усиление фискальных буферов и развитие инструментов диверсификации. Полученные результаты способны расширить аналитическую базу для дальнейших исследований и использования при разработке экономической политики. The article examines the impact of the dynamics of world oil prices on the development of the oil and gas sector in Kazakhstan and the change in the structural proportions of economic growth in 2020-2024. The state of the oil and gas and non-oil and gas sectors is analyzed on the basis of official statistical data reflecting changes in gross value added, volume index and share parameters in GDP. It is shown that the oil and gas sector retains a significant role in the economy, but a steady decrease in its relative contribution has been revealed against the background of accelerated growth of the non-oil and gas block. The key industry indicators are compared with the dynamics of the average annual price of Brent crude oil. It is determined that the reaction of the oil and gas sector has inertia and asymmetry, and sensitivity to external price fluctuations is gradually changing. It has been established that the internal structure of the economy shows signs of adaptation, which is reflected in a change in industry proportions and an increased role of non-resource sources of growth. Based on the analysis, recommendations have been formulated aimed at increasing the resilience of Kazakhstan's economy to oil shocks, including macroeconomic stabilization measures, strengthening fiscal buffers and developing diversification tools. The results obtained can expand the analytical base for further research and use in the development of economic policy.

The purpose of this study is to examine current issues in the development of mediation in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In this article, the authors provide an overview of the history of its development, analyzing the concept of mediation. The history of the Kazakh people highlights the similarities and differences between the court of judges a type of justice that includes elements of mediation–and the modern judicial system. A number of proposals are also made for improving the work of mediators: establishing the scope of application of social and commercial mediation, creating conditions for universal access to mediation; defining the forms of mediator activity and developing a corps of competent mediators; and adopting an ethical code for mediators of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The current state of mediation allows us to draw the following conclusions: firstly, the provisions on mandatory mediation procedures for certain categories of disputes, for example, amendments to the Civil Procedure Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan on debt collection; Secondly, increasing the state fee for filing lawsuits; thirdly, legislatively establishing mediator remuneration below the state fee, at a multiple of the minimum monthly calculation index (MCI).

Introduction The transition from a resource-based economy to alternative economic systems represents one of the most pressing challenges in the current global context. The environmental aspect significantly influences energy policy, serving as a foundation for transforming the economies of leading energy-exporting countries. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) presents a notable example of a successful transition from a resource-based economy to technology-driven development, as evidenced by its energy policy and diplomatic strategies. The aim of this study was to examine the global external energy policy and diplomacy of the UAE and other Persian Gulf countries energy policy and diplomacy incorporated a methodological approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods energy policy and diplomacy, as well as strategies employed by other countries, vividly demonstrates the global significance of these processes., focusing on its role in the profound transformation of the energy market. Methods Methodologically, the study involved comparative analysis, as well as an assessment of global energy transition trends and their relationship with international diplomacy, using the UAE as a case study. Results The share of revenue from the UAE’s oil sector in total exports declined from 93.8% in 2000 to 68.2% in 2023. Investments in the economy nearly tripled between 2005 and 2023, reaching $30.7 billion. Findings from the model analysis indicate that an abrupt reduction in resource dependence could result in economic difficulties in the short term. However, in the medium and long term, this path is the most favorable, contingent upon the rapid expansion of high-technology exports. Based on the VECM results for the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Oman, targeted recommendations for energy and economic policy can be formulated. Given that oil production acts as the main long-term determinant but remains largely unadjusted in the short term. In contrast, global oil prices and energy intensity exert strong short-term effects on GDP and exports, the energy policies of these countries should aim to diversify long-term development strategies in extraction and strengthen mechanisms for responding to external shocks. Discussion The practical application of these research results lies in their potential use for studying other oil-producing countries and devising recommendations for an effective transition from resource dependence to innovation-driven progress.