National Institute of Open Schooling

Emerging and re-emerging viruses (like Spanish flu, SARS-CoV-2, etc.) have substantially impacted global public health since the early twentieth century. These outbreaks are unpredictable and novel viruses are difficult to understand due to emerging variations. Advanced virology and diagnostic technologies have revolutionized viral diagnostics, enabling accurate early identification and successful treatment and containment. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, such as metagenomics and whole-genome sequencing, have played a crucial role in the detection and monitoring of emerging viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Advanced diagnostic methods, such as digital PCR, CRISPR-based tools, and serological techniques like ELISA, enhance viral detection's sensitivity, specificity, and speed. Research has shown that innovations such as lateral flow immunoassays, biosensors, and aptamers have the potential to significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy in various fields. The integration of AI in diagnostics aids researchers in understanding viral evolution and outbreak management, offering new avenues for rapid response. This review aims to examine the latest advancements in virus diagnosis technologies, identify unresolved accuracy and detection issues, and discuss emerging ideas that are transforming the future of viral diagnostics. It is important to improve early identification, rendering the system more cost-effective and adaptable to new viral threats.

Introdução: O pré-diabético melito é um quadro a qual o indivíduo apresenta uma leve alteração nos níveis de glicose em jejum ou tolerância à glicose em nível sérico onde, dessa forma, encontra-se entre a euglicemia e a hiperglicemia associada ao diabetes tipo 2 (DM2). No entanto, pré-diabetes não é benigno, pois representa um fator de risco para desenvolvimento do DM2, junto com as complicações micro e macrovasculares. Além disso, é importante destacar que o estado pré-diabético é passível de intervenções que previnem ou retardam a progressão para DM2. Objetivos: Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi contextualizar a importância do tratamento pré-diabético melito. Metodologia: Para esse propósito, utilizou nesse documento, referencial teórico que reúne informações de bases de dados catalogados no PubMed, Scielo que utilizam termo como "pre-diabetic". Resultados: Como resultado analisando os artigos científicos verificamos que o primeiro meio de tratamento seria uma reeducação alimentar e exercícios físicos. Medicamentos também podem ser utilizados nessa situação, como a metformina, Acarbose, Orlistat, Rosiglitazona, Pioglitazona, Nateglinida, Liraglutida; outra estratégia seria cirurgia bariátrica que também ajuda de forma eficaz a prevenção do DM2. Logo, o tratamento deve ser individualizado, porque dependente muito da educação e envolvimento do paciente ao longo de toda a sua vida. Ainda não existe conhecimento exato quem tende a ter DM2, sabemos que existe fatores genéticos e ambientais que influenciam na doença. Com as informações coletadas, pré-diabético é resultado do estilo de vida inadequado somado fator genético e desse modo, o tratamento não depende exclusivamente do médico, mas também dos hábitos e costumes do indivíduo. Conclusão: Conclui-se que há uma grande importância no tratamento do prédiabético, pois, este tem capacidade de evoluir para diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) e de complicações vasculares, logo, o paciente precisa de uma mudança no estilo de vida como tratamento principal. Mas também, não podemos excluir os medicamentos e cirurgia bariátrica para ajudar alguns casos.

National control laboratories (NCLs) are responsible for testing of the batches of drugs prior to their release on the market. NCLs play an important role in strengthening a country’s regulatory systems. The National Institute of Biologicals is an NCL in India for the testing and coenzyme A (CoA) release of biologicals such as biotherapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostic medical devices. Every year, the National Institute of Biologicals tests and CoA releases thousands of batches of blood products following compendial specifications and schedule F, part XII-C (G) of Drugs and Cosmetics Rules 1945. This institute also participates in collaborative studies with the WHO for the establishment of international reference standards. In the last thirteen years (2010–2022), the blood products laboratory at this institute has evaluated 5159 batches of blood products, and 95 batches (1.84%) were declared as not of standard quality. As per CDSCO “the ‘not of standard’ quality products are categorized into three categories: A, B and C”. These 95 batches include all three categories (A, B and C) of “not of standard” quality blood products.

Objetivo: Conhecer os impactos da Lúpus na saúde mental de mulheres. Método: Revisão bibliográfica de caráter integrativo com a seleção de 15 artigos científicos devidamente publicados entre os anos de 2018 e 2023, nos bancos de dados, PubMed, Medline, Banco de Dados de Enfermagem – BDENF, Lilacs e National Library of Medicine. Resultados e Discussão: Dentre os estudos selecionados foi identificado que a saúde mental da mulher vitimada de Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico é diretamente afetada em razão de vários fatores, como a dificuldade do diagnóstico, o sofrimento causado pelas dores da doença, os impactos e impedimentos físicos das sequelas, as consequências dermatológicas, entre outros. Tais condições são causadoras de impactos da saúde mental com questões que envolvem desde o isolamento social, as dificuldades em estabelecer relações, os sentimentos de insegurança quanto as perspectivas de futuro, com a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de agravos maiores, como ansiedade e depressão, ocasionando em casos mais graves ocorrências de suicídio. Considerações Finais: A realização da presente pesquisa se mostrou necessária para o desenvolvimento de habilidades das pesquisadoras junto a mulheres que sejam diagnosticadas com Lúpus, com a identificação das intercorrências da saúde mental destas pacientes, bem como o apontamento da necessidade de intervenções junto às mesmas.

Carlos Wallace stated that:- _‘Actions speak louder than words, silence speaks the loudest.'_ Some may believe the silence is empty and reflects a vacuum, as there are no words in it. But, sometimes this silence has a more meaningful message than the said one. It is more powerful, perceptive, and strong than a message communicated through speech. And when the silence is unheard for a longer time, it becomes noisy. It tells the story of pain, hopelessness, and hurting life experiences. A noise which communicates a lot of messages that need to be heard and acknowledged by society. A similar kind of noisy silence can be observed in one of the villages of India named Dhadkai, which is also known as ‘The Silent Village of India’. Dhadkai lies in Doda district which is 260 Kms to the north of Jammu. In this village, there are around 105 families with speech and hearing impairment and also with other disabilities. The village is home to an endogamous group of roughly 4,500 Muslim Gujjar community, a scheduled tribe of J&K which is proposed to be identified and labelled as PVTG (Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group) of India. The Indian National Education Policy, 2020 clearly stated that the disparity and gaps due to gender, culture, literacy, geographical area, and economic conditions need to be bridged up. And, for this Socio-Economically Disadvantaged Groups (SEDGs) must be identified and mainstreamed with the system. Not only this, but the policy is also in complete consonance with the Rights of Persons with Disability Act (RPwD), 2016 where inclusion and equal participation of people with disabilities is highlighted. Hence the researchers aimed to explore and study one of the disadvantaged groups, with a special reference to People with Disabilities. On exploring, the researchers found that there are 3 villages in India with a high prevalence of specific disability i.e. ‘deafness’ among the villagers. Hence, to study in detail, one of the villages was selected as a case study. The objectives of this research were to study the current situation of Dhadkai village and explore the challenges of the deaf villagers with respect to their accessibility to education. The findings of the research revealed that with this hereditary concern, many families have been struggling hard to earn their daily living. In addition to poor economic conditions, the deaf population of this village had never been to any school in their life. Moreover, there had never been any provision of educational and vocational training for deaf individuals. With respect to their communication skills, the deaf people of Dhadkai use local sign language and have a very limited vocabulary. The positive aspects of the findings were that this village has a good number of children and youth with deafness who can be educated and trained in various vocations. Some of them have already started learning Indian Sign Language under the Indian Army Project. Through this paper, the authors submit their suggestions and present the scope of interventions which can be made independently and in collaboration with different ministries of the Indian government like the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Ministry of Education, and Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. The villagers have high expectations and hope from the Government of India and dream to observe development in the village for the benefit of the villagers, society, and nation.

There is a damage to the health of civil structures over the time due to aging and loading effects i.e., wind,earthquakes etc. To identify these hidden damages at the earliest, some reliable damage detection techniques are required. In addition, it becomes essential to monitor the performance of structural integrity and it results in the increased life span of the structures. In this paper, the average energy entropy scheme based on the discrete wavelet transform is proposed to detect incipient damage in the structures. The measured response is first decomposed into a set of wavelet components and average energy entropy is computed. The proposed method is applied to the simulated response of the beam obtained with different crack levels, and performance is compared to the approximate entropy. The results obtained from the proposed method illustrate a consistent and reliable damage indicator in comparison with the existing method.

In most countries, the efforts to attract and retain health workers have been focused on extrinsic measures of motivation, with very less focus on a better understanding of job satisfaction—an important intrinsic factor and construct. The main aim of this study was to assess job satisfaction, its seven dimensions, and motivation among health service providers (doctors and nurses) employed within the public sector in India. The study was conducted in three districts representing two states in India. The study participants represent the doctors and nurses from public health and service delivery centres. Data were collected from a total of 307 healthcare providers (152 doctors and 157 nurses). ‘Measure job satisfaction’ tool was adapted that contained 41 items capturing seven dimensions of job satisfaction on a five-point Likert scale with a higher score indicating a higher level of job satisfaction and vice versa. In addition, one single statement was used to assess motivation. Average scores were calculated for each of the seven dimensions of job satisfaction, motivation and for overall job satisfaction. Parametric tests such as t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for comparisons of job satisfaction scores according to the place of work, years of work experience, appointment type and health professional categories. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 22.0. Exploratory factor analysis was carried out to assess the relationship between job satisfaction and motivation and regression analysis of motivation was carried to assess predictors of job satisfaction, demographic and work-related factors’ effect on motivation. The average scores for most of the dimensions of job satisfaction were low for both doctors and nurses with the lowest scores reported for the dimensions of ‘professional support’ and ‘personal satisfaction’ while the highest score reported for ‘satisfaction with pay’. Significant results in the difference of mean scores were found for all seven dimensions of job satisfaction except for ‘prospects’ at different levels of place of work, ‘standard of care’ at different levels of length of service and ‘training’ for different levels of types of appointment. The mean scores of motivation were found to be significantly different for different levels of place of work and also between the doctors and nurses. The regression analysis of motivation on various predictors of job satisfaction suggests that personal satisfaction and satisfaction in prospect were highly significant while other variables such as gender and place of posting were marginally significant. Understanding of job satisfaction can provide useful insights to both extrinsic as well as intrinsic aspects of work motivation, which arguably is the most critical area of health systems research that could potentially feed into streamlined and improved health workforce management policies aimed at addressing the shortage and retention of the health workforce.

Mitochondrial beta-oxidation is one of the most common modes of fatty acids' oxidation in most organisms, particularly mammals. Biochemistry undergraduate curriculum often contains the description of the process, with emphasis on ATP calculations for various types of fatty acids. During our decade long teaching experience in biochemistry, we observed the difficulty faced by students in calculating energetics of several fatty acids beyond palmitic acid. We developed a canonical formula by mathematical transformations and logical derivation to aid the calculation in a much simpler manner to ease both teaching and learning experience. ATP yield of even-numbered fatty acids may be calculated using a formula [(7C - 6 - 1.5 D) - 2(D-2)], andadenosine triphosphate (ATP) yield for odd-numbered fatty acids can be calculated using [(7C - 19 - 1.5 D) - 2(D-2)], where C is the number of carbon atoms in fatty acids, D is the number of double bonds. The unbold part of the formulae is limited to polyunsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, we integrated these formulae into an HTML based web-interface for handily calculations, which is likely to augment fatty acids oxidation learning-teaching processes easier. This tool has been recently tested in our classroom programs on biochemistry and received an excellent feedback from the learners. Also, the mathematical formula is ready for being incorporated into standard biochemistry textbooks. The webtool as an opensource biochemical calculator can be effectively used in classrooms by both instructors and students while solving comprehension based questions on lipid metabolism.

This work is totally focused on three types of ultrasonic velocities (V1, V2, V3) in TiN single crystals. They are determined by using the SOEC (second order elastic constant) and TOEC (third order elastic constant) at room temperature. TiN possesses rock slats structure and the atoms in the unit cell is equally located in all the direction. Therefore ultrasonic waves are supposed to be propoagted alongany direction with the crystals axis. Finally ultrasonic attenuationdue to phonon-phonon interaction and thermoelastic relaxation phenomena in TiNis evaluated for longitudinal and shear waves along , and crystallographic directions at the different temperature (temperature varies from 150 to 400K) by utilizing the SOEC and TOEC of the materials. The SOEC and TOEC, ultrasonic velocities, thermalrelaxation, anisotropic and acoustical coupling constant have been computedfor the evaluation of ultrasonic attenuation in this temperature range. The crystallographic direction is responsible for propogating the longitudinal ultrasonic wave while , direction is the best direction for propogating the shear waves due to lowest values of ultrasonic attenuationdue to phonon-phonon vibration in these direction.