National Mapping and Resource Information Authority

Island Southeast Asia has recently produced several surprises regarding human history, but the region's complex demography remains poorly understood. Here, we report ∼2.3 million genotypes from 1,028 individuals representing 115 indigenous Philippine populations and genome-sequence data from two ∼8,000-y-old individuals from Liangdao in the Taiwan Strait. We show that the Philippine islands were populated by at least five waves of human migration: initially by Northern and Southern Negritos (distantly related to Australian and Papuan groups), followed by Manobo, Sama, Papuan, and Cordilleran-related populations. The ancestors of Cordillerans diverged from indigenous peoples of Taiwan at least ∼8,000 y ago, prior to the arrival of paddy field rice agriculture in the Philippines ∼2,500 y ago, where some of their descendants remain to be the least admixed East Asian groups carrying an ancestry shared by all Austronesian-speaking populations. These observations contradict an exclusive "out-of-Taiwan" model of farming-language-people dispersal within the last four millennia for the Philippines and Island Southeast Asia. Sama-related ethnic groups of southwestern Philippines additionally experienced some minimal South Asian gene flow starting ∼1,000 y ago. Lastly, only a few lowlanders, accounting for <1% of all individuals, presented a low level of West Eurasian admixture, indicating a limited genetic legacy of Spanish colonization in the Philippines. Altogether, our findings reveal a multilayered history of the Philippines, which served as a crucial gateway for the movement of people that ultimately changed the genetic landscape of the Asia-Pacific region.

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The northwestern coast of Luzon Island is located within the forearc region of the Manila Trench where emergent coral reef platforms have been reported; and an uplift rate of 0.5 m/kyr has been estimated for the past 7,000 years in San Fernando and Currimao. This study examined the present-day vertical land movement (VLM) in both sites using tide gauge records and retracked Jason satellite altimeter missions. Both the tide gauge and satellite data were corrected for tides using the T_Tide algorithm and the difference between the tide gauge sea level (TGSL) and sea surface heights (SSH) from the satellite were calculated. The influence of VLM was inferred from the differences between the TGSL and SSH, then validated using available GNSS data.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Hourly TGSL for San Fernando is available from 2002 to 2018 with a completeness index (CI) of 37%. The satellite products used were the 20 Hz MLE4 and 1Hz ALES retracked Jason satellite series downloaded from AVISO+ and OpenADB, respectively. The MLE4 product indicates subsidence with a rate of 0.43 &amp;amp;#177; 0.10 mm/yr, while ALES indicates uplift at 1.93 &amp;amp;#177; 0.42 mm/yr. GNSS observations at the San Fernando TG benchmark (TGBM) from 2017 to 2019 shows subsidence at 0.74 &amp;amp;#177; 0.40 mm/yr, which agrees well with the VLM estimate from the difference between TGSL and MLE4 SSH.&amp;amp;#160;&amp;amp;#160;&amp;amp;#160;&amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Currimao TG station has a CI of 90% from 2008 to 2016. Satellite products used were the 20 Hz MLE4 and 20 Hz ALES retracked Jason-2 downloaded from AVISO+, and both indicate uplift with a rate of 7.30 &amp;amp;#177; 0.17 and 6.24 &amp;amp;#177; 0.25 mm/yr, respectively. The present-day uplift agrees with the geological records, however, there are no GNSS data at the TGBM to validate the present-day vertical motion.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The differences between the present-day vertical motion of San Fernando and Currimao may indicate the influence of other fault systems associated with the Philippine Fault or segmentation of the forearc. Subsidence in San Fernando could imply stress accumulation in the area and the observed uplift in the geological records are cumulative co-seismic vertical displacements.&amp;amp;#160;&amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

Kota Tua Jakarta merupakan cikal bakal kota Jakarta saat ini dan merupakan salah satu cagar budaya yang merupakan kawasan heritage yang memiliki nilai tinggi. Metodologi penelitian menggunakan analisa deskriptif kulatitatif dan komparatif yang membandingkan penerapan tugas DMO dan Kota Tua Jakarta sebelum dan sesudah Program DMO. Hasilnya ada perubahan positif dari program Destination Management Organization yang diterapkan di Kota Tua Jakarta yaitu tata kelola Wisata Kota Tua Jakarta semakin baik dibandingkan tahun sebelumnya, namun terdapat juga beberapa kendala dalam penerapan Program Destination Management Organization namun fasilitator DMO Kota Tua Jakarta belum maksimal dalam merangkul semua stakeholder karena belum maksimal sosialisasi tentang Program DMO. Destinasi wisata Kota Tua Jakarta yang memiliki potensi yang sangat tinggi, seharusnya fasilitator DMO Kota Tua Jakarta dan Stakeholder dapat bekerjasama dalam menerapkan Program DMO dan mensosialisasikan Program DMO kepada seluruh stakeholder.

Keywords: Demand, Forecasting Model, GM (1,1), Markov Chain Grey Model, Monthly Electricity Consumption

Establishing marine reserves or marine protected areas (MPA) is a popular management tool to ensure the sustainability of nearshore fishery against the threats of overfishing and other environmental impacts. Fish biomass in MPAs builds up rapidly in the absence of fishing and eventually contributes to fishable biomass in the areas surrounding the reserve through adult migration or “spillover.” Improved ecological conditions allow MPAs to deliver more socioeconomic benefits to resource users and thus provide higher economic rent. Accordingly, this study investigated the impacts of a community-managed marine reserve in Baliangao, Misamis Occidental, on the fishery resources and fishers of Danao Bay over a 1-year period in order to demonstrate the ecological and economic benefits of a well-managed MPA.