National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center

This report explores the mechanism design and heat load budget for a cryostat that uses commercially available cold heads (Sumitomo_RDK-415D) instead of liquid helium and liquid nitrogen. To ensure the proper functioning of cryogenic superconducting magnets with the limited cooling capacity of cryocoolers, effective management of heat transfer, insulation, cooling, electrical power, and vacuum components is crucial. This paper analyzes the heat loads of a prototype superconducting wiggler magnet within a three-layer cavity, suspension system, electrical power system, and electron beam chamber, using two cryocoolers.

Anode-free batteries (AFBs) represent a transformative approach in energy storage technologies, eliminating the anode to achieve remarkable improvements in energy density, safety, and manufacturing simplicity. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental phenomena governing the operation of AFBs during metal plating and stripping, including nucleation and growth, dendrite formation, dead lithium formation and regeneration mechanisms, morphological evolution, and electrolyte decomposition. The challenges associated with AFBs are critically examined, alongside various designed innovative strategies. Expanding the discussion beyond lithium, this review explores advancements in anode-free sulfur, sodium, potassium, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, and all-solid-state batteries, highlighting the unique challenges and solutions tailored to each system. Critical parameters influencing performance, including Coulombic efficiency, electrolyte-to-cathode ratio, and cycling protocols, are analyzed to provide insights into optimizing these systems. Furthermore, the potential of AFBs as a platform for probing interfacial phenomena is emphasized, with applications in visualizing metal deposition, quantifying dead metal formation, and rapid screening of electrolytes. The review concludes with a perspective on future research directions aimed at addressing current limitations and accelerating the practical deployment of AFBs. By bridging fundamental understanding and innovative design, this work positions AFBs as a pivotal technology for the next generation of high-performance energy storage systems.

Organic electrosynthesis is a versatile and evergreen tool for constructing chemical compounds. However, the study of highly active electrodes has not received enough attention, which limits the further development of organic electrosynthesis. This work introduces a bottom-up route to prepare chitin-derived composite carbon aerogel electrodes (CCAEs), which can be directly used as electrodes in organic electrosynthesis systems. Various metal nanoparticles, such as Pt, Pd, RuO2, Cu and Ni, are well confined in these free-standing and porous CCAEs (M-CCAEs). The linear sweep voltammetry and in-situ Raman tests under electrochemical conditions show that RuO2-CCAEs possess good electrochemical oxidation ability for chlorine anions and good stabilizing effect on the generated chlorine radicals, which can serve as a mediator for the electrochemical C(sp3)-H activation. The combination of M-CCAEs with mediators achieves a series of electrochemical oxidative C(sp3)-H chlorination, bromination, nitration and etherification. Moreover, M-CCAEs promote the electrochemical hydrogen isotope exchange reaction of some important drug molecule structures, such as Ibuprofen, Diclofenac and Zolpidem.