Newham College

This systematic review compares the long-term efficacy of cylindrical-lead spinal cord stimulation (CL-SCS) vs paddle-lead spinal cord stimulation (Paddle-SCS) for chronic pain management. We included prospective and retrospective studies with at least ten patients reporting on the efficacy of either lead type. Primary outcomes were pain score reduction (measured by the visual analog scale [VAS] and numeric rating scale [NRS]) and 50% pain relief after at least 12 months. Secondary outcomes included functional disability and complications, such as lead migration and infection rates. Meta-analyses compared effect sizes, while meta-regression and subgroup analyses addressed heterogeneity. A total of 96 studies, comprising 7726 patients, met the inclusion criteria. Paddle-SCS demonstrated superior pain reduction, with a standardized mean difference (SMD) of 5.37 (95% CI [5.35, 5.38]) compared with CL-SCS, which had an SMD of 4.09 (95% CI [4.08, 4.10]) on the VAS. However, CL-SCS outperformed Paddle-SCS on the NRS, with SMDs of 4.39 vs 2.35, respectively. For 50% pain relief, Paddle-SCS had a success rate of 41.4%, as opposed to 35.4% for CL-SCS. Paddle-SCS showed a lower migration rate (4.3% vs 7.2% for CL-SCS) but higher infection rates (5.0% vs 3.3%). Paddle-SCS offers superior pain reduction (as measured by the VAS) and a lower migration rate, but a higher infection risk compared with CL-SCS. CL-SCS showed better outcomes as measured by the NRS. The choice between Paddle-SCS and CL-SCS should be individualized according to patient-specific factors and treatment goals. Further research with rigorous study designs is needed to provide clearer comparisons between these interventions.

As no country houses people speaking solely one language in the present world, various studies regarding the use of multilingualism were done over the years not only in the field of empirical research but also in literary contexts. Code-switching has been the most researched phenomenon in literary language from a multilingual perspective. The debate between considering literary characters as real-life human beings or merely textual constructs has intensified over the years. Subsequently, a middle ground combining both humanizing and non-humanizing aspects of literary characters emerged. In this study, I analyze the use of multilingualism in a literary character’s portrayal by examining her linguistic identity through her behaviors involving language use and comprehension. Yolanda, the second daughter of the De La Torre family depicted in the novel, How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents, written by Julia Alvarez in 1991, is the target character for this study. Using a qualitative research approach, Yolanda’s character is analyzed by using the characterization model developed by Culpeper in 2001. Three textual cues, namely explicit, implicit, and authorial, are examined in the descriptions and language uses of Yolanda’s character. The outcomes of the study not only portray Julia Alvarez’s philosophy and attitude regarding multilingualism, but also show Yolanda’s unique traits, struggles, confusion, liminality, and linguistic position in the world of the novel.

ABSTRACT The Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, known as the Istanbul Convention or IC, is a contested issue in Central and Eastern Europe. This article investigates this matter further by focusing specifically on Bulgaria and Poland using the most similar systems design; the former country has not ratified the convention, but the latter has. In this article, we draw on the literature on gender politics and public policy and on law and society studies to refine the advocacy coalition framework and propose a novel perspective on (non-)ratification that accentuates the role of anti-gender and feminist advocacy coalitions. Specifically, this article links the (non-)ratification of the IC to the complex modes of interaction between partisan, societal, and legal actors who make up adversarial advocacy coalitions. This article also highlights that deep core beliefs widen the cultural cleavage, with the traditional being pitted against the feminist in this case, thereby instigating “culture wars” in both countries.

Early Medieval EuropeEarly View Book review Ethnic Identity and the Archaeology of the adventus Saxonum. By James Harland. Amsterdam: University Press. 2021. 314 pp. €109. ISBN 978 94 6372 931 4. Catherine Hills, Catherine Hills Newnham College, University of CambridgeSearch for more papers by this author Catherine Hills, Catherine Hills Newnham College, University of CambridgeSearch for more papers by this author First published: 15 March 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/emed.12630Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation

In 1992 Myles Burnyeat published an essay he entitled ‘Is an Aristotelian philosophy of mind still credible?’, labelling it ‘A draft’. As he stated, he did so ‘with reluctance’. He had intended it as a working paper only, ‘to provoke discussion’. It had provoked not just discussion and as much lively interest as anything he ever wrote, but attempted refutations in print. Hence his own reluctant eventual decision for publication. Many have regretted that in Volumes i and ii of Explorations he included neither this nor a closely connected article, published in its final English version in 1995 as ‘How much happens when Aristotle sees red and hears middle C? Remarks on De Anima 2, 7–8’. But as Burnyeat had intended, he continued to work on refining and developing his interpretation of Aristotle’s theory of perception, and the main result was the major extended essay of 2002 on De Animaii.5, reprinted here in Part i as Chapter 5 (in which he also comments on those earlier publications). Chapter 6 is an allied treatment of the same topic in Aquinas’s writings.

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